An Introduction to Charge Carriers

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Electrons and Charge Carriers
Abstract
1. Introduction - Electrons
1.1. Solids
1.2. Charge Carriers
2. Semiconductors
2.1. p-n Junction
2.2. Solar Cells
2.2.1. Dissociation of Excitons in OSCs
2.3. Intersystem Crossing and Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Organic Semiconductors
2.3.1. Rate of Intersystem Crossing
2.3.2. Reverse Intersystem Crossing or Up-Conversion
2.3.3. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (Oleds)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Analytical Solutions for Drift- Diffusion Equations Describing Charge-Carrier Transport in Silicon Semiconductor Structures
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Starting Equations
3. Regional Partitioning
4. Time Regimes
4.1. DR Collapse
4.2. Fast Partial Recovery
4.3. Slow Recovery
5. The DR Equations for Steady-State or Slow-Recovery
6. The QNR Equations
7. Topology and Notation
8. Solution to a Low-Level Steady-State Problem
9. Solution to a Low-Level Semi-Transient Problem
10. Solutions to Low-Level Fully-Transient Problems
11. Solution to a High-Level Steady-State Problem
12. Solution to a High-Level Semi-Transient Problem
13. Saturation of Peak Currents
14. Exact Mathematical Solutions for Special Cases
14.1. Open Circuit Boundary Values
14.2. Open Circuit Steady-State Solution in QNR Interior
14.3. Steady-State without Carrier Generation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Nanomaterials
Abstract
Abbreviations
Major Notation
Introduction
THz Spectroscopy
Carrier Dynamics
Typical Examples of THz Conductivity in Nanomaterlas
Discussions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Charge Carrier Transport Within the Wurtzite Phases of the Gallium, Aluminium, and Indium Nitrides
Abstract
Chapter 5
Charge Carrier Dynamics in Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Polymer Electrolytes
2.1. Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes
2.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes
2.3. Composites Polymer Electrolytes
2.4. Rubbery Electrolytes
2.5. Polymer Salt-Complex or Dry Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs)
3. Ion Transport Mechanism in Polymer Electrolytes
3.1. Composition Dependent
3.2. Temperature Dependent
3.2.1. Arrhenius Model
3.2.2. Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) Model
3.2.3. William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) Model
3.2.4. Free Volume Model
3.2.5. Dynamic Bond Percolation (DBP) Model
3.3 Models/Methods
3.3.1. Rice and Roth Model
3.3.2. Schutt and Gerdes Model
3.3.3. Bandara and Mellander (B-M) Model
3.3.4. Greenbaum’s Formula
3.3.4.1. Determination of n and μ in a Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
3.3.4.1.1. At Room Temperature
3.3.4.1.2. Temperature Dependence
3.3.4.2. Determination of n and μ in a Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
3.3.4.3. Determination of n and μ in a Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte Doped with Ionic Liquid
3.3.5. Trukhan’s Model
3.3.5.1. Determination of n and μ in an Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
3.3.5.1.1. At Room Temperature
3.3.5.1.2. Temperature Dependence
3.3.5.2. Determination of n and μ in an Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Energy Exchange Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses and Their Importance in Lasing and Signal Amplification
Abstract
1. Background Models
2. Excitonic States in Dielectric, Spontaneous (PL) and Stimulated Emission Processes
2.1. Resonant Stoke and Anti-Stoke Transitions in RE-Ion Doped Glasses
2.2. A Summary of D-D, Q-D, Q-D Model Equation and Energy Transfer Characterisation in RE-Ion and RE-TM Ion Doped Glasses and Crystals
2.3. Cross-Relaxation (CR) and Related Up- and Down Conversion in RE3+-Ions
2.3.1. Definition and Charaterisation
2.3.2. Pr3+-Yb3+ Ion Co-Doped Fluoride Glasses and Fibres
2.3.3. Er3+-Ce3+-Yb3+ Doped Glasses and Fibres
2.3.4. Examples of Quantum Cutting (QC) Transitions for Energy Exchange in Multiple RE-Ions Doped Tellurite Glasses
2.3.5. Control of the Oxidation States and Photodarkening in Optical Fibre Lasers
3. Controlling the Oxidation States of RE-Ions in Planar Waveguide Fabrication Using Ultra-Fast Lasers
4. Summary of Applications in Solar Energy Harvesting Using RE-Ion Doped Materials
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 7
Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Spectral Selective Organic Photodetectors
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Device Physics of Organic Photodetectors
3. Generation of Charge Carriers in Spectral Selective OPDs
3.1. OPDs with an Optical Depletion/Absorption Heterostructure
3.2. Profiles of Charge Generation in Spectral Selective OPDs
3.3. Spectral Selective Response Behaviors
3.4. Spectral Selective OPDs
4. Charge Collection in Narrowband OPDs
4.1. Optical Field Distribution
4.2. Effect of Space Charge Buildup
4.3. Narrowband Near-Infrared Photodetection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Charge Generation Dynamics in Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism and Rate of Intersystem Crossing
3. Exciton-Spin-Orbit-Phonon Operator
4. Intersystem Crossing Rate
5. Exciton Dissociation at the D-A Interface in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
6. Exciton Generation in OSCs
7. Exciton Diffusion
8. Charge Transfer Exciton Recombination Dynamics in OSCs
9. Charge Transport and Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells
10. Open-Circuit Voltage and Bimolecular Recombination Coefficient in PSCs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Optimal Performance of Organic Solar Cells: Charge Carrier Effects
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Optical Transfer Matrix Method
Drift-Diffusion Model
Results and Discussion
Electric Field
Exciton Generation Rate
Charge Carrier Recombination Rates
Power Conversion Efficiency
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Enhancing Power Conversion Efficiency of Bulk Hetero Junction (BHJ) Organic Solar Cells (OSCS) by Simulation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Simulation of Efficient and Stable Non-Fullerene Acceptor Based Ternary BHJ OSCs
2.1. Simulation of PCE of a TOSC
2.1.1. Simulation of Jsc
2.1.2. Simulation of Voc
2.1.3. Simulation of FF
2.2. Simulation of PCE of a TOSC with Non-fullerene Acceptor
2.2.1. Simulation of Jsc
2.2.2. Simulation of Voc
2.2.3. Simulation of FF
3. An Alternate Method of Simulating PCE
3.1. Photon Absorption Efficiency (,?-???.)
3.1.1. Optical Admittance Analysis Method (OAAM) for Calculation of ,?.
3.1.2. Optical Transfer Matrix Method (OTMM) for Calculation of ,?.
3.2. Exciton Dissociation Efficiency (,?-???.)
3.3. Charge Carrier Extraction Efficiency (,?-???.)
3.4. Power Conversion Efficiency of an OSC
4. Exciton Generation in NFA BHJ OSCs
4.1. Theory
4.2. Simulation
4.2.1. Electric Field and Exciton Generation Rate Distributions in OSC2
4.2.2. Optimization of the Thicknesses of Each Layer
4.2.2.1. Optimization of the Structure of OSC2
4.2.2.2. Optimization of the Structure of OSC4
4.2.2.3. Optimization of the Structure of OSC5
Conclusion
References
Editor’s Contact Information
Index
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