Alternative Medicine Interventions for COVID-19

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Introduction to COVID-19
Introduction
Origin of COVID
Emergence and Epidemiology
Human-Animal Interaction as Risk Factor
Best Suitable Animal Model
COVID and Animal Welfare
Molecular Differences Between Different Animal Species
Vaccines for COVID from Animals
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Medicinal Plants as COVID-19 Remedy
Introduction
Existing Plants with Potential Therapeutic Applications for Coronavirus Family (SARS-CoV)
Plants as Specific Inhibitors of HCoV Target Proteins
Bupleurum Species
Artemisia annua L.
Isatis indigotica Fortune ex Lindl.
Alcea digitata (Boiss.) Alef.
Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.
Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw.
Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
Torreya nucifera L.
Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.
Rheum palmatum L.
Cerasus avium (L.) Moench.
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.
Citrus aurantium L.
Rubia tinctorum L.
Onopordum acanthium L.
Quercus infectoria G. Olivier
Crataegus microphylla C. Koch
Berberis integerrima Bunge
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Psoralea corylifolia L.
Tribulus terrestris L.
Medicinal Plants as Potential Source of Natural Antiviral Agents Against COVID -19
Allium Sativum (Garlic)
Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Curcuma domestica (Turmeric, Haldi)
Echinacea purpurea L. (Echinacea)
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel)
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm)
Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint)
Nigella sativa L. (Black Seeds)
Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano)
Ocimum bacilicum L. (Basil)
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary)
Salvia officinalis L. (Sage)
Senna alexandrina Mill. (Senna Makki)
Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ginger)
Limitations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Traditional Chinese Medicines as Possible Remedy Against SARS-CoV-2
Introduction
Traditional Chinese Medical Practices
Laws for TCM Formulation
Antiviral Potential of Plant Metabolites
Structure of SARS-CoV-2
Relevance of SARS-CoV with SARS-CoV-2
Entry of SARS-CoV vs. SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cell
TCM and SARS-CoV
TCM and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Most Practiced Herbs in Formulations Against COVID-19
Utilization Frequency of Herbs in the Formulation of (COVID-19) Decoctions
Approved/Proposed Decoctions with Successful Clinical Trials
Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) (Approved)
Huashi Baidu Decoction (HBD) (Approved)
Xiaochaihu Decoction (XCHD)
Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) (Approved)
Jinhua Qinggan (JQ) (Approved)
Huoxiang Zhengqi (HZ) Capsule
Lianhua Qingwen (LQ)
Xuebijing Injection (XbI) (Approved)
Reduning Injection (RdI)
Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJC)
Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSGD) (Approved)
Yin Qiao San (YQS)
Yupingfeng San (YPFS)
Therapeutic Logic of TCM as COVID-19 Inhibitor
Mechanism of Direct Inhibition
TCM Targeting ACE2
TCM Targeting Protease
TCM Directly Targeting DNA Via Intercalation
TCM Directly Targeting DNA via JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
TCM Targeting sEH
Targeting VEGF
Targeting DPP4
Targeting JUN
Targeting EGFR
Targeting IL1B
Mechanism of Indirect Mechanisms
Anti-inflammation and Immune Regulation to Avoid Cytokine Storm
TCM Protect Organ Damage in COVID-19 Patients
Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Potential TCM Targets
Cytokine-Mediated Positive and Negative Immunity
TCM Targeting MAPK (Cytokine)
TCM Targeting Platinum Drug Resistance (Cytokine)
TCM Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Resistance (Cytokine)
TCM Targeting Interleukins (ILs) (Cytokine)
TCM Targeting TNF (Cytokines)
TCM Targeting Lymphocyte-Mediated Adaptive Immune System
Regulation of Apoptosis and Potential TCM Targets
TCM Targeting BCL Proteins
TCM Targeting CASP
7TCM Targeting Akt or Protein Kinase B (PKB)
Regulation of NF-κB Pathway and Potential TCM Targets
TCM Targeting TP53
TCM Targeting ICAM1
TCM Targeting RELA
Regulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Potential TCM Targets
TCM Targeting cPLA2α of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
TCM Targeting Cyclooxygenase-2 of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
TCM Targeting LOX of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
TCM Targeting Cytochrome P450
TCM Targeting Leukotrienes (LTs)
TCM Targeting CALM
TCM Targeting HIF-1 Signaling Pathways
TCM Targeting Endocrine Resistance
TCM Targeting FOS
TCM Targeting PTGS2
Regulation of Polyamine Metabolism and Potential TCM Targets
TCM Targeting NOS2 and AOC1
TCM Targeting CCL2
Meta-analysis
TCM from Chinese Combat Zone to World Combat Zone
Shortcomings of Antiviral Medicine on COVID-19
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Plant-Based Natural Products: Potential Anti-COVID-19 Agents
Introduction
Antiviral Mechanistic Aspects of Phytochemicals
Mechanism
Plant Selection for Antiviral Screening
Different Classes of Phytochemicals as Antiviral Agents
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Classification of Flavonoids
Chalcones
Dihydrochalcones
Flavones
Flavonones
Dihydroflavonols
Flavonol
Isoflavonoids
Isoflavones
Isoflavanones
Neoflavonoids
Terpenoids
Tannins
Vitamins
Chromones and Coumarins
Organosulfur Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Miscellaneous Antiviral Phytochemicals
Curcumin and Its Derivative
Chlorophyllin
Gingerols
Chitin and Chitosan
Anthraquinone
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Foods as First Defense Against COVID-19
Introduction
Role of Nutrition and Diet in Prevention and Management of COVID-19
Prioritizing Nutrition Interventions During COVID-19
Grains
Vegetables and Fruits
Nuts
Legumes
Meat
Milk and Milk Products
Herbs
Role of Vitamins in COVID-19
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Role of Minerals in COVID-19
Iron
Selenium
Zinc
Magnesium
Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Nutrients for Immune System and Resilience in COVID-19
Nutrition in Lowering Stress and Depression in COVID-19
Food Choices for Diabetic Patients During COVID-19
Food Choices for Cardiovascular Patients During COVID-19
Food Choices for Cancer Patients During COVID-19
Food Choices for Patients with Digestive Disorders During COVID-19
Food Choices for Pulmonary Disease Patients During COVID-19
Malnutrition May Exacerbate COVID-19
Nutrition and Post-COVID Recovery
Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19
Introduction
Dexamethasone
Chloroquine
Remdesivir
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Spike Protein Inhibitors
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccines
Introduction
COVID-19 Vaccines: A Need of Time
Coronavirus Vaccine Development: Challenges of the Past
Vaccine Development Strategies
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Protein Subunit Vaccines
Inactivated or Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines
Virus Vector-Based Vaccines
Repurposed Vaccines for COVID-19 and Off-Target Effects of Other Vaccines
Plant-Based Vaccines
Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 Studies
Cell Culture Systems for SARS-CoV-2 Studies
Clinical and Immunological Endpoints
Vaccine Development Landscape
Global and Equitable Distribution of Vaccines
Vaccine Developers and Geographical Distribution
Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Updates in Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
Introduction
Sinovac Biotech, China
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 9: COVID-19: Recent Developments in Therapeutic Approaches
Introduction
Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
Genome Organization of SARS-CoV-2
Replication of SARS-CoV-2
Transmission and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Clinical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2
Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of COVID-19
Antivirals or Immunomodulatory Drugs for COVID-19
Vaccine for COVID-19
Plasma/Serotherapy for COVID-19
Alternative Therapies
Anticoagulant Therapy
Glucocorticoids (GC)
Stem Cell-Based Therapy
ACE-2-Mediated Therapies
CRISPR/Cas System
Conclusion
References
Index