Agricultural Microbiology Based Entrepreneurship: Making Money from Microbes

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Series Editor, Editors and Contributors
Part I: Entrepreneurship and Business Plan
Chapter 1: Concept of Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining Entrepreneurship
1.3 Entrepreneurs Versus Managers
1.4 Entrepreneurial Process
1.5 Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship
1.5.1 National Culture
1.5.2 Education
1.5.3 Experience
1.5.4 Family Background
1.5.5 Need for Achievement
1.5.6 Innovativeness
1.5.7 Locus of Control
1.5.8 Attitude
1.6 Theories of Entrepreneurship
1.6.1 Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship
1.6.2 Psychological Entrepreneurship Theories
1.6.3 Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories
1.6.4 Sociological Entrepreneurship Theory
1.6.5 Anthropological Entrepreneurship Theory
1.6.6 Opportunity-Based Entrepreneurship Theory
1.7 Entrepreneurship in India: The Startup Zone
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Government Schemes for Entrepreneurship Programs
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Entrepreneurship in India
2.1.2 Startup Revolution
Prime Minister´s Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
SAMRIDH Scheme
Aspire (Scheme for promotion of Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Agro-Industry)
Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
National SC-ST Hub
Raw Material Assistance
Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Program (MSE-CDP)
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)
Entrepreneurial and Managerial Development of SMEs Through Incubators
Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Program (ESDP) Scheme
Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI)
2.2 Policies and Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs in India
2.2.1 Top Government Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs
2.2.2 Annapurna Scheme
2.2.3 Stree Shakti Package
2.2.4 Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme
2.2.5 Dena Shakti Scheme
2.2.6 Udyogini Scheme
2.2.7 Cent Kalyani Scheme
2.2.8 Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme
2.2.9 TREAD (Trade-Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development) Scheme
References
Chapter 3: Skills for Entrepreneurs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Entrepreneurial Traits
3.3 Entrepreneurship and Innovation
3.4 Entrepreneurship and Innovation
3.5 Entrepreneurial Skills
3.5.1 Cognitive Skills
Creative Thinking
Focus
Initiative
Problem Solving
Perception
3.5.2 Social and Relational Skills
Impression
Persuasion
Adaptability
Empathy
Group Skills
3.5.3 Technical Skills
Operations
Design
Research and Development
Environment Assessment
Ergonomics
3.5.4 Managerial Skills
Planning
Organizing
Motivating
Marketing
Finance
3.5.5 Skills for Entrepreneurs
3.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Intellectual Property Principles in Microbial Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
4.3 Patents
4.4 Copyrights
4.5 Federal Registration of Copyrights
4.6 Trademarks
4.6.1 Trademarks and the Paris Convention
4.6.2 Trademarks and TRIPS
4.6.3 Trade Secrets
4.7 Design
4.7.1 Industrial Designs
4.8 International Agreements on Designs
4.9 Patents
4.9.1 Microorganisms
4.9.2 Microorganisms and Patent
4.9.3 Requirements for Microbiological Patent Applications
4.9.4 Patentability of Microorganisms
4.9.5 Types of Patentable Microbiological Inventions
4.10 IPR in Related Disciplines
4.11 Economic Considerations
4.12 Geographical Indications
4.13 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (The Berne Convention)
4.14 Madrid Protocol
4.15 Paris Convention
4.16 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
4.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Ethical and Legal Issues in Microbial Products in India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Analysis of the Indian Law on Biofertilizers
5.2.1 Registration of Dealers
5.2.2 Registration of Manufacturing of Biofertilizers Consortia
5.2.3 Packing and Labeling
5.2.4 Inspectors and Inspection
5.2.5 Sampling and Analysis of Biofertilizers
5.2.6 Quality Control
5.2.7 Ecological and Health Safety Issues
5.3 Analysis of the Indian Law on Biopesticides
5.3.1 The Insecticides Act, 1968: Scope of the Law
5.3.2 Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC)
5.3.3 Registration Process
5.3.4 Packing and Labeling
5.3.5 Inspection, Sampling, and Analysis of Biopesticides
5.3.6 Disposal of Pesticides
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3: Technical Data Required for Registering a Biopesticide in India
References
Part II: Biofertilizer and Compost Production
Chapter 6: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What Are Cyanobacteria
6.2.1 Applications of Cyanobacteria
6.3 Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers
6.3.1 Biofertilizers
6.3.2 Types of Biofertilizers
6.4 Mass Production of Cyanobacterial Fertilizers
6.4.1 Multiplication and Production Methods
6.4.2 Open System Cultivation Using Sunlight
6.4.3 Closed System Cultivation Using Sunlight
6.4.4 Closed System Cultivation Using Artificial Light
6.5 Method of Application of Fertilizer on Field
6.6 The Business Plan Development
6.7 Production Cost and Market Value of Cyanobacterial Fertilizer
6.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Rhizobium Biofertilizers: Mass Production Process and Cost-Benefit Ratio Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Rhizobium Species
7.1.2 Mass Production
7.1.3 Calculation of Pilot-Scale Production of Rhizobium for Small-Scale Industry
References
Chapter 8: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of VAM Fungal Biofertilizer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cultivation Criteria
8.2.1 Popular Substrate-Based Cultivation Methods
Greenhouse Culture Method
In Vitro Mass Multiplication of AMF Using Synthetic Media
8.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Substrate-Based System
8.3 Substrate-Free Cultivation System
8.3.1 Aeroponic
8.3.2 Hydroponic
8.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Substrate-Free Production System
8.4 In Vitro Production System (Root-Organ Culture)
8.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the In Vitro Production System
8.5 Industrial Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
8.5.1 Formulation of AM Fungi
8.5.2 Packaging
8.5.3 Storage
8.5.4 Quality Control
8.5.5 Product Specification
8.6 Important Considerations to Be Taken During Mass Multiplication
8.7 Economical Details
8.7.1 Infrastructure
8.7.2 Non-recurring Cost (Tables 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5)
8.7.3 Recurring Cost (Tables 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10; Box 8.4)
8.7.4 Income Calculation
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Mass Multiplication and Cost Analysis of Frankia Biofertilizer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mass Multiplication and Production of Frankia Biofertilizer
9.2.1 Culturing of Frankia
9.2.2 Selection of Suitable Strain of Frankia
Screened Frankia Isolates Were Tested for Nodulation Kinetics
9.2.3 Mass Culture of Frankia
9.2.4 Processing of Carrier Material
Carrier Sterilization (Amutha et al. 2014)
Carrier Preparation (Amutha et al. 2014)
9.2.5 Mixing of Carrier and Frankia
9.2.6 Packaging of Frankia Biofertilizer
9.2.7 Transportation
9.3 Field Application of Frankia Biofertilizer
9.4 Analysis of the Cost-Benefit Relationship
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis and Marketing of Azospirillum
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Azospirillum
10.3 Morphology
10.4 Species List of Azospirillum
10.5 Isolation of Azospirillum
10.5.1 Principle
10.5.2 Materials Required
10.5.3 N-Free Semisolid Malic Acid Medium
10.5.4 Trace Element Solution
10.5.5 Procedure
10.5.6 Observation
10.6 Carrier Making
10.7 Mass Production of Azospirillum
10.8 Packaging and Preservation of Biofertilizer with Associative N2 Fixer
10.9 Marketing
10.9.1 Field Demonstration
10.9.2 Market Segmentation and Product Positioning
10.9.3 Pricing
10.9.4 Publicity and Training
10.9.5 Marketing Linkages
10.9.6 Marketing Challenges and Options in Biofertilizer Business
10.10 Uses of Azospirillum
10.11 Profits
10.11.1 Cereal Crops
10.11.2 Rice
10.11.3 Corn
10.11.4 Vegetables
10.11.5 Fruits
10.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Azotobacter
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Utilization of Azotobacter as Potent Biofertilizer
11.3 Mode of Action
11.4 Azotobacter Biofertilizer Production
11.4.1 Inoculum Preparation
11.4.2 Mass MultiplicationProcess
11.5 Costs and Profit in Azotobacter Biofertilizer Production
11.6 Marketing
11.7 Statutory/Government Approvals
References
Chapter 12: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Pseudomonas
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pseudomonas fluorescens
12.3 Technological Details
12.4 Production Process
12.4.1 Preparation of Starter Culture
12.4.2 Mass Multiplication
12.4.3 Product Formulation
12.5 Carrier Sterilization
12.5.1 Packaging
12.6 Quality Control and Product Specification
12.7 Project Details
12.8 Utilities
12.9 Raw Material
12.10 Packaging
12.11 Income per 100 ton of Selling
References
Chapter 13: Mass Production, Formulation, and Cost-Benefit Ratio Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticide
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Bacillus Thuringiensis
13.2 Technological Details
13.2.1 Mass Production Process
Derivation, Maintenance, and Mother Culture Preparation
Seed Culture Preparation
Mass Fermentation
Product Recovery through Harvesting
Membrane-Based Filtration
Formulation
Adjuvants (Additives)
Liquid Formulations
13.3 Packaging
13.4 Quality Control
13.5 Economical Aspects
13.5.1 Basic Requirements for Setting up of Bioinsecticide Units
13.6 Income per 100 Ton of Production
13.7 Profitability
References
Chapter 14: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Trichoderma
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Mass Production Process of Trichoderma as a Biocontrol Agent
14.2 Type of Formulations for Trichoderma-Based Biocontrol Agent
14.3 Features of Trichoderma for Formulation Development
14.3.1 Shelf Life and Storage of Trichoderma Formulations
14.3.2 Application Methods
14.4 Registration and Quality Control
14.5 Production Cost Analysis for the Establishment of Commercial Trichoderma-Based Biocontrol Agents
14.6 The Basic Requirements and Project Cost for the Production Unit Are as Follows
14.7 Financial Assistance
14.8 Marketing
14.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Metarhizium
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mycoinsecticide: Metarhizium anisopliae
15.3 Technological Details
15.4 Mass Multiplication/Production Process of Metarhizium sp.
15.4.1 Fungal Mother Culture/Starter Culture Preparation
15.4.2 Mass Multiplication
Preparation of Conidial Suspension
Subculturing of Spores
Production of Conidiospore on Solid Media
Production of Conidiospore on Liquid Media
15.4.3 Spore Drying and Harvesting
Spray-Drying
Freeze-Drying
15.4.4 Product Formulation
15.5 Packaging
15.5.1 Quality Control and Product Specifications
15.6 Spore Concentration Determination
15.7 Spore Viability Determination
15.8 Human Risk Assessment
15.9 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
15.10 Dose Response Assessment
15.11 Food Exposure and Risk Characterization
15.12 Project Details
15.13 Summary
References
Chapter 16: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Beauveria
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biopesticide: Beauveria bassiana
16.3 Technological Details
16.4 Mass Multiplication/Production Process of Beauveria Bassiana
16.4.1 Preparation of Fungi Mother Culture/Starter Culture
16.4.2 Mass Multiplication
Preparation of Liquid State Fermentation
Mass Production of Spore on Solid Substrate
16.4.3 Spore Drying and Harvesting
Spore Drying
Spore Harvesting
16.4.4 Product Formulation
Liquid Formulation
Wettable Powder
16.5 Constrains Related to Biopesticide Formulation Based on B. bassiana
16.5.1 Packaging
16.6 Quality Control and Product Specification
16.7 Determination of Spore Concentration
16.8 Determination of Spore Viability
16.9 Food Quality Clearance
16.10 Risks Posed Due to Drinking Water Exposure
16.11 Toxicology
16.12 Risks Posed by Multiple Routes Including Dermal, Oral and Inhalation
16.13 Project Details
16.14 Summary
References
Chapter 17: Chaetomium sp.: An Insight into its Antagonistic Mechanisms, Mass Multiplication, and Production Cost Analysis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Significance
17.3 Taxonomy
17.4 Ecology
17.5 Biological Control Potential of Chaetomium spp.
17.5.1 Mycoparasitism
17.5.2 Antibiosis
17.5.3 Plant Growth Promotion
17.5.4 Induced Systemic Resistance
17.5.5 Extracellular Enzymes Production
17.6 Commercial Formulations
17.7 Mass Production Technology
17.8 Production Cost Analysis
17.9 Market Trend
17.10 Opportunities
17.11 Future Potential
References
Chapter 18: Vermicomposting: A Leading Feasible Entrepreneurship
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Role of Earthworms in Sustainable Environment
18.3 Valuable Compost
18.4 Mass Production of Vermicompost
18.4.1 Worm Selection and its Significant Factors
Bedding
Worm Feedstock
Oxygen Level and Water Content
Temperature
pH
Salt Content
Urine Content
18.4.2 Organic Waste Selection
18.4.3 Commercial Installation of Vermicomposting Unit
18.4.4 Vermicomposting Technology
Processing of Vermicompost
Production Cycle of Earthworms
18.5 Harvesting
18.6 Points to be Noted to Produce Quality Product
18.7 Business Development Plan
18.7.1 Constraints on Setting up Large-Scale Units
18.7.2 Initiatives for Surpassing these Constraints
FIGs Support through NGO and FPOs
FPOs Support
18.8 Marketing of Vermicompost
18.8.1 Marketing Analysis
18.8.2 Marketing Systems
18.9 Benefit and Cost Analysis
18.10 Financial Aspects, Loans and Schemes Available
18.11 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts
18.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Mass Production and Marketing of Microbial Compost
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Stage of Microbial Composting
19.3 Composting Methods
19.4 Factors Affecting the Microbial Composting
19.4.1 C:N Ratio
19.4.2 Oxygen
19.4.3 pH
19.4.4 MoistureContent
19.4.5 Temperature
19.4.6 Porosity and Size of Particle
19.5 Production and Marketing of Compost
19.5.1 Quality of Compost
19.5.2 Cost of Compost
19.5.3 Marketing of Compost
19.5.4 Market Segmentation
19.6 Demand and Production Relationship for Compost
19.6.1 End Users of Compost
19.6.2 Labelling of Compost
19.6.3 Value Addition for Compost
19.6.4 Distribution of Compost
19.7 Conclusion
19.8 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 20: Cost-Benefit Assessment of Solid-Based Biofertilizer Production
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Carrier Material
20.3 Carrier-Based Biofertilizers
20.4 Liquid Biofertilizers
20.5 Mode of Application
20.5.1 Seed Treatment
20.5.2 Root Dipping
20.5.3 Soil Application
References