Aging Effects on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Durability and Life Prediction

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction to Aging in Bio Composites
1 Introduction
2 Aging of Bio Composites
3 Aging Tests
3.1 Artificial Aging Tests
3.2 Accelerated Aging Tests
3.3 Environmental Aging Test
3.4 Durability Tests
4 Effect of Aging on the Characteristics of Bio Composites
5 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Influence of Moisture Absorption on Mechanical properties of Biocomposites reinforced Surface Modified Natural Fibers
1 Introduction
2 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers
3 Moisture Absorption of Natural Fibers
4 Mechanical Properties
4.1 Cyclic Moisture Absorption and Desorption
4.2 Polylactic Based Composites
4.3 Kenaf Fiber Composites
4.4 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites
5 Conclusion
References
Effect of Water Absorption on the Tensile, Flexural, Fracture Toughness and Impact Properties of Biocomposites
1 Introduction
2 Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties
2.1 Epoxy Composites
2.2 Polybenzoxazine Composites
2.3 Polyester Composites
2.4 Vinyl Ester Composites
2.5 Polypropylene Composites
2.6 Geopolymer Composites
2.7 Biodegradable Composites
3 Conclusion
References
Effect of Compatibilizer on the Aging and Degradation Mechanism of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
1 Introduction
2 Theory of Compatibilization
2.1 Non-reactive Compatibilizers
2.2 Reactive Compatibilization
2.3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties
3 Degradation
3.1 Chemical Degradation
3.2 Thermal Degradation
3.3 Mechanical Degradation
3.4 Photodegradation
3.5 Hygrothermal Degradation
4 Aging Effects
5 Applications
6 Conclusion
References
Effects of Hygrothermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties of the Biocomposites
1 Introduction to Biocomposites and Their Importance in the Context of the Modern Materials
2 Hygrothermal Ageing and Its Parameters
3 Influence of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Tensile Properties of Biocomposites
4 Influence of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Compressive Properties of Biocomposites
5 Influence of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Flexural Properties of Biocomposites
6 Influence of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites
7 Influence of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Impact and Shear Responses of Biocomposites
8 Conclusions
References
Degradation Effects of Completely Biodegradable Composites to Moisture Absorption and Water Aging
1 Introduction
2 Biodegradable Polymers and Composites
2.1 Biodegradable Matrices
2.2 Biodegradable Reinforcements
2.3 Preparation of Biodegradable Composites
3 Moisture Absorption and Water Aging
4 Degradation
4.1 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Damage Characteristics
4.3 Surface
5 Conclusion
References
Hygrothermal Aging and Their Influence on Mechanical Properties of the Bio-composites
1 Introduction
2 Flax Fibers Reinforced Bio-composites
3 Hemp Fibers Reinforced Bio-composites
4 Wood Fibers Reinforced Bio-composites
5 Bamboo Fibers Reinforced Bio-composites
6 Other Natural Fibers Reinforced Bio-composites
7 Polymer Composite Bio-materials
8 Partially/Fully Bio-reinforced Hybrid Composites
9 Conclusion
10 Future Perspective
References
Effects of Natural Weathering on Aesthetics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Bio-composites
1 Introduction
2 Natural Weathering Conditions
3 Results
3.1 Effects on Mechanical Properties
3.2 Effects on the Thermal Properties
3.3 Effects on the Aesthetics
4 Future Perspective
5 Conclusion
References
Degradation Effects on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Bio-Composites Due to Accelerated Weathering
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Factors
2.1 Solar Radiation
2.2 Moisture
2.3 Temperature and Microbiota
3 Accelerated Weathering
4 Studies of Accelerated Weathering on Degradation of the Bio-Composites
4.1 Morphology and Visual Appearance
4.2 Molecular Characteristics
4.3 Mechanical Properties
4.4 Thermal Properties
5 Effects of Nanofillers on Degradation of Composites
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Effects of Natural Weathering on Aesthetics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Completely Biodegradable Composites
1 Introduction
2 What Are Biopolymers/Biodegradable Polymers?
3 Applications of Biopolymers in Natural Fibre Composites
4 Natural Weathering of Completely Biodegradable Composites
4.1 Visual Changes Due to Natural Weathering
4.2 Effect of Natural Weathering on Thermal Properties
4.3 Effect of Natural Weathering on Mechanical Properties
4.4 Effect of Natural Weathering on Composite Structure
5 Controlling Factors in Natural Weathering
6 Summary
References
Effect of Aging and UV Exposure on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites
1 Introduction
2 NFCs and Aging Phenomenon
3 Effect of Aging on Mechanical Properties of NFCs
4 Effect of UV Exposure on NFCs
5 Testing Procedure for UV Exposure and Aging
5.1 UV Degradation in Weathering Chambers
5.2 UV Degradation in Outdoor Weathering Conditions
5.3 Thermal Aging of Specimen
5.4 Water Aging of Specimen
6 Effect of Aging and UV Exposure: Case Study and FE Modelling
6.1 Case Study: Aging and UV Exposure on Mechanical Properties of SDLRPCs
6.2 FE Modelling
7 Conclusions
References
Fatigue Life Prediction of Bio-composites Subjected to Environmental Aging
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Biocomposites
3 Prediction of Fatigue Strength on Bio-composites
4 Classification of Environmental Aging on Bio-composites
4.1 Physical Aging
4.2 Chemical Aging
5 Fatigue Life of Bio-composites Upon Different Stresses
5.1 Corrosive Stress
5.2 Mechanical Stress
5.3 Electric Stress
5.4 Photo and High-Energy Radiation Stress
5.5 Thermal Stress
6 Conclusions
References
Effect of Moisture Absorption on Interfacial Shear Properties of the Bio-Composites
1 Introduction
2 Significant Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Interfacial Strength of Bamboo/vinyl Ester Composites
2.1 The Effect of Moisture Content on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Slits
2.2 Effect of Moisture Content on Bamboo/vinyl Ester Composites
3 Influences of Parameters on the Effectiveness of Moisture Absorption Treatments for Natural Composites
4 Treatment of Natural Composites
4.1 Acetylation
4.2 Benzoylation
4.3 Peroxide Treatment
4.4 Isocyanate Treatment
4.5 Acidic Treatments
4.6 Alkalization
4.7 Treatments for Physical Use
5 Water Absorption Behavior of Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties
6 Investigating the Effect of Interfacial Interactions on the Characteristics of Polymer Nanocomposites
7 Effects of the Environment on the Durability and Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibre/bio Epoxy Composites
8 Conclusion
9 Future Scope of Work
References
Hygrothermal Aging, Kinetics of Moisture Absorption, Degradation Mechanism and Their Influence on Performance of the Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites
1 Introduction
1.1 Application of Natural Fibre Composites
1.2 Influences on Natural Fibre Composites
2 Hygrothermal Ageing
2.1 Water Uptake
2.2 Moisture Absorption
2.3 Kinetics of Moisture Sorption
2.4 Effect of Temperature on Water Uptake
2.5 Effect of Hygrothermal Aging on Tensile Properties
2.6 Effect of Formulation on Water Absorption
2.7 Effect of Hygrothermal Aging on Impact Strength
2.8 Hydrothermal Ageing Mechanisms of FFRP
2.9 Liquid Water Sorption in Matrix and in Composites
3 Conclusion
References
Performance of Natural Fiber Based Nanocomposites Under Environmental Aging Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Natural Fibers Based Nanocomposites
3 Environmental Aging Conditions
4 Performances Under Environmental Aging Conditions
4.1 Thermal Resistance
4.2 Strength Properties Resistance
4.3 Moisture Resistance
4.4 Fungal Resistance
5 Conclusions
References
Influence of Moisture Absorption on Physico-Chemical Properties of Natural Fiber-Based Hybrid Composites
1 Introduction
2 Hybrid Composites
2.1 Synthetic-Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites
2.2 Synthetic-Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites
2.3 Natural-Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites
3 Moisture Absorption Behavior
3.1 Moisture Absorption
3.2 Moisture Absorption Mechanism
4 Effects of Moisture on Physical Properties
4.1 Glass Transition Temperature
4.2 Weight
4.3 Dimensional Stability
5 Effects of Moisture on Mechanical Properties
5.1 Tensile Properties
5.2 Fracture Toughness
5.3 Impact Strength
5.4 Flexural Properties
6 Conclusions
References
Aging Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites with Recycled Polymers
1 Introduction
1.1 Biocomposites with Recycled Polymers
1.2 Significance of Aging
2 Aging of Biocomposites with Recycled Polymer
2.1 Important Terms of Aging
2.2 Environmental Conditions and Variables
3 Aging Processes for Mechanical Characteristics
3.1 Mechanical Deterioration Process
3.2 Physical Deterioration Process
3.3 Thermo-Oxidative Deterioration Process
3.4 Hygrothermal Deterioration Process
4 Effect of Aging on Mechanical Properties
4.1 Accelerated Photochemical Aging
4.2 Hydrothermal Aging
4.3 Natural Aging
4.4 Thermal Aging
4.5 Water Immersion-Freeze–Thaw Cycling Accelerated Aging and Xenon-Arc Light Accelerated Aging
5 Conclusions
References
Influence of Seawater Ageing on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
1 Introduction
2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
2.1 Advantages of Natural Fiber Composites
2.2 Drawbacks of Natural Fiber Composites
3 Moisture Absorption Characteristics of Natural Fiber Composites
3.1 Seawater Ageing Main Characteristics
3.2 Moisture Ingress Mechanisms
4 Effects of Seawater Ageing on the Physical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites
4.1 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Thermal Properties
5 Various Measures to Prevent Moisture Ingress
5.1 Chemical Treatments
5.2 Physical Treatments
5.3 Incorporation of Nanofillers
5.4 Cellulosic Reinforcements
5.5 Clay Nanoparticles
6 Recommendations for Future Work
7 Conclusions
References