Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE): A Practical Guide

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Fundamental principles of AIE
Introduction
Restriction of intramolecular rotations
External physical control experiments
Viscosity effect
Temperature effect
Pressure effect
Chemical modification
Steric effect
Electronic conjugation effect
Effect of locking the phenyl rings
Supramolecular interaction
Theoretical studies
Restriction of intramolecular vibrations
Restriction of intramolecular motions
New perspective: Quantum chemistry calculation
Restriction of vibronic coupling
Restriction of access to conical intersection
Restriction of access to dark state
Restriction of the molecular motions that lead to new product formation
Conclusions and outlook
References
Fundamental chemistry and applications of boron complexes having aggregation-induced emission properties
Introduction
Scaffolds for construction of AIE-active boron complexes
β-Diketonates
β-Ketoiminates
β-Diketiminates
Formazanates
Azomethine complexes
Pyridine-based ligands
BODIPYs
Conclusions
References
Aggregation-induced emission polymers
Introduction
Synthesis of AIE polymers
Living radical polymerizations
Condensation polymerizations
Single-component polymerization
Two-component polymerization
Multicomponent polymerization
Structures of AIE polymers
Polyelectrolytes
Chiral polymers
Hyperbranched polymers
Porous polymers
Nonconventional fluorescent polymers
Applications of AIE polymers
Fluorescent sensors
Stimuli-responsive materials
Biological applications
Optoelectronic devices
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chiral aggregation-induced emission molecules: Design, circularly polarized luminescence, and helical self-a
Introduction
Molecular design
Silole derivatives
TPE derivatives
Other AIEgens
Aggregation-induced emission
Circular dichroism
Circularly polarized luminescence
Helical self-assembly
Conclusions
References
AIE-active supramolecular gel systems
Introduction
Strategies to build AIE-active supramolecular gel systems with examples
Stimuli-responsive AIE-active supramolecular gels and applications
Light
Metal ions and anion
Neutral molecules
Application of AIE-active supramolecular gel systems in BioSensing and bioimaging
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Mechanochromic luminescence in AIE luminogens
Introduction
From AIE to MCL
MC luminogens with high contrast
Tetraphenylethylene derivatives
CIEE active luminogens with bulky conjugation core
Dibenzofulvene (DBF) derivatives
9-([1,1-Biphenyl]-4-ylphenylmethylene)-9H-xanthene
Dicyanomethylenated acridones [47]
Bis(diarylmethylene)dihydroanthracene
Other CIEE luminogens
Diphenyl maleimide derivatives
2-Aminobenzophenone derivatives
Turn-on mode MC luminogens
TPE derivatives
Turn-on mode MC luminogens based on intersystem crossing
Schiff base derivatives
A-π-D-π-A fluorene derivatives
MC luminescence in response to static pressure
Potential applications
Micro-embossing fluorescent patterns and haptic sensor
Dynamic visualization of stress/strain distribution and fatigue crack
Optical recording
Summary and perspective
References
Photochromic and thermochromic luminescence in AIE luminogens
Fundamentals of photochromism and thermochromism
General introduction to photochromism
Basic principles
Main mechanisms
General introduction to thermochromism
Photochromic and thermochromic AIE systems
Photochromic AIE systems
Structures and design principles
Photochromic AIE systems obtained by physically blending AIE motifs and photochromic units
Photochromic AIE systems achieved by chemically bonding AIE motifs and photochromic units
Photochromic AIE systems created following the principle of restriction of the intramolecular motions (RIM)
Applications
Anticounterfeiting and information storage
Bioimaging and super-resolution imaging
Thermochromic AIE systems
Thermochromic AIE systems based on organic AIEgens
Thermochromic AIE systems based on aryl-substituted o-carborane/binary borane
Thermochromic AIE systems based on metal complexes
Challenges and outlook
References
AIE-active rare-metal-free phosphorescent materials
Introduction
RTP-emissive small molecules
Arylcarbonyl compounds
Diaryl sulfones
N-heterocyclic compounds
Boron compounds
Phosphorus compounds
Diaryl sulfides
RTP-emissive polymers
Poly(lactic acid)s
Polyacrylates and poly(acrylic acid)s
Polystyrenes
Polyurethanes
Polyimides
Summary
References
AIE luminogens exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Introduction
AIE-TADF materials
Aryl sulfoxide derivatives
Aromatic ketone derivatives
Nitrogen-containing six-membered aromatic heterocycles derivatives
Triarylboron derivatives
Perfluorinated benzene derivatives
Cyano-substituted benzene derivatives
Imide derivatives
o-Carborane derivatives
Organometallic complexes
Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Aggregation-induced emission luminogens for organic light-emitting diodes
Introduction
Conventional fluorescent AIEgens
Silole-based AIEgens
TPE-based AIEgens
AIEgens based on liquid crystals
Phosphorescence AIEgens for OLEDs
Aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence (AIDF)
AIDF (aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence) based on the conventional donor-acceptor (D-A) structural design
AIDF based on through-space charge transfer (TSCT) for OLEDs
Conclusions and perspective
References
Liquid crystalline aggregation-induced emission luminogens for optical displays
Introduction
Molecular design of AIE-active LC materials
Discotic and calamitic LCs with π-conjugated cores
AIE-active LCs of metallomesogens
Supramolecular self-assembly for AIE-active LCs
AIE-active LCs toward optical applications
Polymeric films of AIE-active LCs
Linearly polarized luminescence
Circularly polarized luminescence
Conclusions
References
Electrofluorochromism in AIE luminogens
Principle/conception of electrofluorochromism
Electrofluorochromic luminogens and devices
Non-AIE small molecules
Quinones
Tetrathiafulvalenes
Viologen-based molecules
Tetrazines
TPA-based molecules
Metal coordination
Other molecules
Non-AIE polymers
Conjugated polymers
TPA-based polymers
Polysilsesquioxane and others
Electrofluorochromic AIE molecules
TPA-based molecules
TPE-based molecules
Other molecules
Electrofluorochromic AIE polymers
TPA-based polymers
TPE-based polymers
EC and other polymers
Potential applications
Optoelectronics
Energy storage devices
Sensors
Biomedical applications
Conclusions and perspectives
References
AIE-active materials for photovoltaics
Introduction
AIEgens in CdTe PV cells
AIEgens in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
AIEgens in organic photovoltaics (OPV)
AIEgens in perovskite solar cells
AIEgens in luminescent solar concentrators (LSC)
Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
AIE molecular probes for biomedical applications
Introduction
Protein detection
Protein gel imaging
Protein fibril detection
Detecting and evaluating enzymatic activity
Nucleic acid detection
DNA detection
G-quadruplex sensing
Cellular organelles and structures
Mitochondria imaging
Lysosome imaging
Lipids
Lipid imaging for hepatic steatosis study
Lipid imaging for atherosclerotic plaques study
Inflammation and cancer research
HClO sensing for inflammation and cancer study
Intraoperative pathological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Cytogenetic studies
Microbiology study
AIE probes for bacteria research
AIE probes for bacterial detection
AIE probes for bacterial killing
AIE probes for virus detection
AIE probes for fungus imaging
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Recent advances of aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles (AIE-NPs) in biomedical applicati
Introduction
Strategies for the fabrication of AIE-NPs
Commonly used AIEgens for AIE-NPs fabrication
Design strategies of AIE-NPs
Covalent binding method
Noncovalent binding method
Biomedical applications of AIE-NPs
Fluorescence bioimaging
Cell imaging
Cell tracking
Tumor imaging
Vascular imaging
Theranostics
Photodynamic therapy
Photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy
Drug delivery/release monitoring
Biosensing
Metal nanoclusters with AIE characteristics
Summary and future perspectives
References
AIE bio-conjugates for biomedical applications
Introduction
Reaction for AIE bio-conjugation
Biosensing
Small molecules
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Cell imaging
Cell surface markers
Organelles
Intracellular molecules
In vivo imaging and image-guided therapy
In vivo imaging
Image-guided therapy
Conclusions and perspectives
References
AIE-active polymers for explosive detection
Introduction of explosive detection
Mechanisms of explosive detection
Fluorescence quenching theory
Proposed detection mechanisms
PET
FRET
EE (or Dexter interactions)
AIE conjugated polymers for explosive detection
AIE linear conjugated polymers
AIE hyperbranched conjugated polymers
AIE nonconjugated polymers and their explosive detection
Linear polymers with AIEgens as pendant groups
Linear nonconjugated polymers with AIEgens as building blocks in the polymer backbone
Hyperbranched AIE nonconjugated polymers
Perspectives and outlooks
Acknowledgment
References
AIE-based chemosensors for vapor sensing
Introduction
Sensing mechanisms of AIE-based chemosensors
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism
Restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM) mechanism
AIE-based chemosensors for nitroaromatic explosive vapor
AIE-based chemosensors for acid and amine vapor
Acid and amine vapor sensing based on ICT mechanism
Aromatic amine vapor sensing based on ICT+PET mechanism
Acid and amine vapor sensing based on ESIPT mechanism
Acid and amine vapor sensing based on RIM mechanism
Acid and amine vapor sensing based on chemical reactions
Amine vapor sensing based on aminolysis reaction
Amine vapor sensing based on Schiff base reaction
Acid vapor sensing based on the ring-opening reaction of rhodamine spirolactam
AIE-based chemosensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
VOC sensing based on RIM+ICT mechanisms
VOCs sensing based on sensor array
Conclusions and perspectives
References
AIEgen applications in rapid and portable sensing of foodstuff hazards
Introduction
AIEgen applications in rapid and portable sensing of foodstuff hazards
Main contaminants
Conventional detection methods
AIEgens detection methods
Foodborne pathogens detection
Pesticide residues detection
Veterinary drug residues detection
Heavy metal detection
Food additives detection
Food quality assessment
Summary and perspectives
References
Computational modeling of AIE luminogens
Introduction
Effect of excitonic coupling and electron-vibration coupling on emission in aggregates
The quantitative calculation of luminescence quantum yield
The elimination of nonradiative channels in aggregates
The restriction of nonradiative decay induced by vibration relaxation in a harmonic region
The elimination of nonradiative channels beyond the harmonic region
Restricted access to an MECP
Aggregation-dispelled isomerization
Enhancement of the radiative processes in aggregates
Aggregation-induced reverse from dark n-π* to bright π-π* state
Crystallization-induced reversal from the dark (n+σ)-π* to the bright π-π* state
Conclusions and outlook
References
Index
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