This book presents the most recent advances on testing and experimentation in civil engineering, especially in the branches of materials, structures, and buildings, complementing the authors’ publication Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering - Geotechnics, Transportation, Hydraulics and Natural Resources. It includes advances in physical modelling, monitoring techniques, data acquisition and analysis, and provides an invaluable contribution to the installation of new civil engineering experimental facilities. The first part of the book covers the latest advances in the testing and experimentation of key domains of materials, such as bio-cementation and self-healing, durability, and recycled materials, as well as the new environmental requirements related to the presence of hazardous substances in construction materials. Furthermore, laboratory and in situ tests, together with equipment needed to estimate the behaviour and durability of construction materials are presented, updating the most important technological advances. The second part of the book highlights the relevance of testing and monitoring in structures, including in situ tests related to static load tests, dynamic tests, and long-term monitoring strategies, as well as laboratory tests of adhesive joints. Experimental tests on shake tables and blast-resistant structures are also described. Recent applications of drone technologies for the inspection and monitoring of civil structures are another important theme developed. Finally, in its third part, the book presents new developments in the characterisation of building testing, with the support of modelling, to assess building pathology and new requirements, acoustic comfort, fire safety, visual comfort, and energy consumption.
Author(s): Carlos Chastre, José Neves, Diogo Ribeiro, Maria Graça Neves, Paulina Faria
Series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 402
City: Cham
Foreword by Caspar Groot
Foreword by J. G. Dai
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Part I Materials
1 New Trends on Bio-cementation and Self-healing Testing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Testing of Bio-cemented Materials
1.2.1 General Aspects of Bio-cementation
1.2.2 Monitoring Bacteria Activity
1.2.3 Tests Performed on Bio-cemented Soils
1.2.4 Tests Performed on Bio-cemented Surfaces and Discontinuities
1.3 Testing of Self-healing Materials: Bituminous Materials
1.3.1 General Aspects
1.3.2 Self-healing Research and Assessment
1.3.3 Characterization of New Constituents
1.4 Performance and Durability
1.5 Conclusions and Prospect
References
2 Testing Durability on Construction Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanisms of Degradation
2.2.1 Wood
2.2.2 Rammed Earth, Cob and Unfired Clay Blocks
2.2.3 Stones
2.2.4 Mortars
2.2.5 Concrete
2.2.6 Steel
2.2.7 Bituminous Binders and Mixtures
2.2.8 Polymers and FRP Composites
2.3 Durability Standards
2.4 Traditional Equipment for Accelerated Durability Tests
2.5 Final Remarks
References
3 Innovative Durability Tests on Construction Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wood Moisture Content and Monitoring Systems
3.3 Rammed Earth, Cob and Unfired Earth Blocks
3.4 Assessment of Natural Stone Durability
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Experimental Apparatus
3.4.3 Physical and Mechanical Experimental Procedures
3.4.4 Experimental Results
3.5 Bituminous Binders and Mixtures
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 TEAGE Description
3.5.3 TEAGE Results
3.6 Double Shear Tests to Assess FRP to Concrete Bonded Connections
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Experimental Procedure
3.6.3 Interfacial Characterization
3.6.4 Analysis of Some Available Experimental Results
3.7 Final Remarks
References
4 Testing of New Composites Incorporating Recycled Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregates
4.2.1 Density
4.2.2 Water Absorption
4.2.3 Determination of Density and Water Absorption
4.3 Fresh Recycled Aggregate Concrete Properties
4.3.1 Fresh Concrete Density
4.3.2 Workability
4.4 Hardened Recycled Aggregate Concrete Properties
4.4.1 Density
4.4.2 Compressive Strength
4.4.3 Splitting Tensile Strength
4.4.4 Modulus of Elasticity
4.4.5 Shrinkage
4.4.6 Durability Properties
4.5 Testing Bituminous Mixtures Incorporating Recycling Aggregates
4.5.1 Materials and General Testing
4.5.2 Affinity Between Recycled Aggregates and Bitumen
4.5.3 Evaluation of Mechanical Performance
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 New Environmental Requirements
5.1 Framework
5.2 Assessment of the Release of Dangerous Substances under CPR
5.2.1 Indoor Air
5.2.2 Soil and Water
5.3 Environmental Labels
5.4 Future Perspectives
References
Part II Structures
6 Remote Inspection and Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Integrated Methodology for the Remote Inspection and Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures
6.3 Remote Inspection and Automatic Detection of Anomalies Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
6.3.1 Strategy
6.3.2 Heuristic Techniques
6.3.3 Deep Learning Techniques
6.3.4 Application to Crack Detection
6.3.5 Application to Exposed Steel Rebar Detection
6.4 Displacement Monitoring Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
6.4.1 Strategy
6.4.2 Application
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Laboratory Tests on Structural Adhesive Joints
7.1 Review of Laboratory Tests on Structural Adhesive Joints
7.2 Case Studies of Structural Adhesive Joints with Different Materials
7.2.1 Steel–Concrete
7.2.2 FRP-Concrete
7.2.3 Stainless Steel–Concrete
7.2.4 FRP-Timber
7.2.5 FRP-Steel
7.3 Final Remarks
References
8 Shake Table Testing Techniques: Current Challenges and New Trends
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Testing of Reduced Scale Models
8.3 Testing of Substructures
8.4 Hybrid Simulation
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Challenges in Hybrid Simulation
8.4.3 Actuator Time-Delay
8.4.4 Delay Compensation
8.4.5 Hybrid Simulation Including a Shake Table
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Experimental Research and Development on Blast Resistant Structures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Blast Loading
9.3 High Performance Blast Energy-Absorbing System for Structures
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Energy Absorbing Mechanisms and Shapes
9.3.3 Tube Inversion Mechanism
9.3.4 Blast Testing SETUP
9.3.5 Data from Pressure Gages and Force Sensors
9.4 Explosive Driven Shock Tube Tests on 3D Printed Sacrificial Cladding
9.4.1 Instrumentation Overview
9.4.2 Experimental Results
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Load Tests on Bridges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Load Tests
10.2.1 Diagnostic Load Tests
10.2.2 Proof Load Tests
10.3 Planning Load Tests
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Load Test Plan
10.3.3 Monitoring System
10.3.4 Report of the Results
10.4 Examples
10.4.1 Corgo Bridge
10.4.2 Luiz I Bridge
10.4.3 Foz Tua Bridge
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Dynamic Testing on Railway Bridges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Dynamic Tests
11.2.1 Ambient Vibration Tests
11.2.2 Free Vibration Tests
11.2.3 Tests Under Railway Traffic
11.3 Dynamic Monitoring System
11.3.1 Sensors
11.3.2 Data Acquisition System
11.3.3 Communication System
11.4 Data Processing
11.4.1 Ambient Vibration Tests
11.4.2 Free Vibration Tests
11.4.3 Tests Under Railway Traffic
11.5 Case Study
11.5.1 Description
11.5.2 Ambient Vibration Test
11.5.3 Test Under Railway Traffic
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 An Automated Tool for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring Based on Vibration Tests
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Data Fusion and Feature Extraction
12.2.1 Extraction of Symbolic Data Objects
12.2.2 Dissimilarity Between Symbolic Data Objects
12.2.3 Extraction of Unidimensional Feature
12.2.4 Schematic Overview
12.3 Feature Classification
12.3.1 Confidence Boundaries
12.3.2 Detection Index
12.3.3 Overall Scheme of the Methodology
12.4 Case Study 1: Railway Viaduct
12.5 Case Study 2: Highway Bridge
12.6 Final Remarks
References
Part III Buildings
13 Innovative Approach on Building Pathology Testing and Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Building Digital Twins
13.3 Building Pathology
13.4 Hygrothermal-Related In-Situ Tests and Monitoring
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Testing for New Requirements for Building Coatings
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Building Coating Requirements
14.2.1 General Remarks
14.2.2 Aesthetics and Lightning
14.2.3 Acoustic and Thermal Insulation
14.2.4 Performance in Case of Fire
14.2.5 Biological Colonization
14.2.6 Hygroscopicity
14.2.7 Reflective and Thermochromic Coatings
14.2.8 Self-cleaning Capacity, Photocatalytic Activity and Hydrophobicity
14.2.9 Protection Capacity from Water and Moisture
14.2.10 Release of Toxics that Pollute Run-Off Water
14.2.11 Indoor Pollutants Release and Capture
14.2.12 Synthesis of Coating Requirements
14.3 Innovative and Adapted Tests for Building Coatings
14.3.1 Tests for Aesthetics, Lighting, Reflective and Thermochromic Coatings
14.3.2 Tests for Self-cleaning, Photocatalytic Activity and Hydrophobicity
14.3.3 Testing Mechanical Performance
14.3.4 Tests for Weathering
14.3.5 Testing the Protection from Water, Moisture and Salts
14.3.6 Tests for Hygroscopicity, Water Vapor Permeability and Drying
14.3.7 Tests for Biological Colonization Susceptibility
14.3.8 Tests the Release of Toxics that Pollute Run-Off Water and Soil
14.3.9 Tests for Indoor Pollutants Release and Capture
14.4 Concluding Remarks
References
15 New Trends in Acoustic Testing in Buildings
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characterisation of Noise Sources
15.3 Characterisation of Materials
15.4 Characterisation of Building Elements
15.5 Characterisation of Building Equipment
15.6 New Trends in Acoustic Sensing
15.7 Conclusions
References
16 State-of-the-Art and Future Insights into the Material’s Fire Behaviour Tests
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Tests on Reaction to Fire
16.2.1 Brief Description of the Current EHS
16.2.2 Limitations of EHS
16.2.3 Research and Development
16.3 Testing of Fire Resistance
16.3.1 The Importance of Fire Resistance
16.3.2 Knowledge Gaps Versus Future of Fire Resistance
16.4 Tests in the Field of Active Systems
16.4.1 ADAS-Related Tests
16.4.2 AFES-Related Tests
16.4.3 ASCS—Related Tests
16.5 “Virtual” Tests
16.6 Conclusions
16.6.1 Conclusions on Reaction to Fire Tests
16.6.2 Conclusions on Fire Resistance Tests
16.6.3 Conclusions on Virtual and Active Systems Tests
References
17 A Modelling Tool for Lighting Systems Based on Visual Comfort and Energy Consumption—Case Study of a Residential Building
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Experimental Lighting Measurements Using HDR Image
17.3 Case Study—Model of Residential Building
17.4 Numerical Simulations and Calculation Parameters
17.4.1 Illumination Calculation Parameters
17.4.2 Evaluation of the Existing Lighting System
17.4.3 Designing Lighting System Improving Visual Comfort and Energy Consumption
17.5 Analysis of Lighting Solutions
17.6 Conclusion
References
