Advances in Urbanism, Smart Cities, and Sustainability

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Foreword
Contributors
Section I: Urban Conservation, Land Transformation, and Regeneration
1. Crowdfunding and Place-Making Efforts in New Orleans
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background Context
1.2.1 Crowdfunding
1.2.2 Placemaking
1.2.3 The Role of Resilience in the Placemaking of New Orleans
1.3 Research Design
1.3.1 Study Area
1.3.2 Data
1.3.3 Methodology
1.4 Analysis
1.4.1 Tabular Overview of Projects and the Global Outreach of Backers
1.4.2 Role of Place and Space
1.4.3 Grantfunding
1.5 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgement
Note
References
2. Exploring the Spatial Pattern of Urban Heat Island Formation in Relation to Land Transformation: A Study on the Paschim Barddhaman District of West Bengal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Study Area
2.3 Database and Methodology
2.3.1 Database
2.3.2 Image Processing and Classification
2.3.3 Calculation of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
2.3.3.1 Step I Calculation of Radiation Luminance Form Digital Number
2.3.3.2 Step II Estimation of At-Satellite Brightness Temperature (TB) from Luminance of Radiance (Lλ)
2.3.4 Derivation of Spectral Indices
2.3.5 Profile and Correlation Analysis
2.4 Results and Discussion
2.4.1 Extent of Land Transformation
2.4.2 Changing Pattern of the LST in Winter and Summer
2.4.3 Regional Pattern
2.4.4 Relations between LULC Change and LST Pattern
2.4.5 Index: NDVI, NDBI, and NDBaI
2.4.6 Correlation
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Mechanisms for Brownfield Redevelopment: A Case of Indore City
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background Study
3.2.1 Brownfield Redevelopment in India
3.2.2 Land Redevelopment Process in Madhya Pradesh
3.3 Methodology for Redeveloping Brownfield Sites
3.3.1 Case Study References
3.3.1.1 Reference Case 1: Girangaon Mill Land Redevelopment, Mumbai
3.3.1.2 Reference Case 2: Bhendi Bazaar Redevelopment, Mumbai
3.4 Selection of Brownfield Sites for Redevelopment
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Assessing Redevelopment Potential of Identified Brownfield Sites in Indore
3.6.1 Financial Feasibility Analysis
3.6.2 Community Benefit Analysis
3.6.3 Local Context
3.6.3.1 Land Reuse Preferences
3.6.3.2 Employment in Inner-City Areas
3.6.3.3 Urban Image
3.6.3.4 Local Policy Incentives
3.6.4 Analyzing Spatial Variables
3.6.5 Analyzing Non-spatial Variables
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Religious Tourism in the Age of Commodification and Reconstruction of Heritagescapes: A Neighborhood-Based Study along the Stretch of River Hooghly, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
4.1 Religious Landscape
4.2 Religious Tourism and Economy
4.3 Research Design and Methodology
4.3.1 Framework
4.3.2 Site Selection and Data Collection
4.3.3 Measurement
4.4 Riverfront Ghats Practicing Heritage
4.5 Heritagescapes - Tale of Common History, Practices, and Culture
4.6 Dakshineswar Temple in Quest for Marketplace
4.7 Spatial Morphology Influenced by Sacred Economy
4.8 Religious Tourists at the Dakhineswar Temple
4.9 Forces of Market Economy Creating Dissimilarities among Similars
4.10 Conclusion
Notes
References
Section II: Urban Health, Space, Governance, and Policy Implications
5. Mapping of Urban Heat Islands and Mitigation Measures in the Durgapur-Asansol Industrial Region, India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Study Area
5.2.2 Data
5.2.3 Methods
5.2.3.1 Estimation of LST
5.2.3.2 Conversion to TOA Radiance
5.2.3.3 Conversion to Spectral Radiance to At-Satellite Brightness Temperatures
5.2.3.4 Estimation of NDVI and Proportion of Vegetation (PV)
5.2.3.5 Emissivity
5.2.3.6 Land Surface Temperature
5.2.3.7 Calculation of Normalize Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)
5.2.3.8 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Classification
5.2.3.9 Relationship among Different Indices (LST, NDBI, and NDVI)
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Seasonal Variation of LST: Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon
5.3.2 Surface Temperature Zones and Heat Island Identification
5.3.3 Relationship of LST with NDBI and NDVI
5.3.4 Land Use/Cover Pattern and Temperature Variation
5.3.5 Mitigation Measures
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Approaches to Season-Responsive Urban Spaces for Children: Lessons and Challenges in Winter Cities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review: Shared Principles of Child-Friendly Cities and Winter Cities
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Findings: Child-Friendly Urban Winter Initiatives
6.4.1 Paradigm Shift
6.4.2 Mobility
6.4.3 Nature
6.4.4 Participation
6.5 Key Areas for Further Research
6.6 Conclusion: Toward Child-Friendly Winter Cities
References
7. Urbanization in the Fiji Islands during the 21st Century: A Tourism Perspective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives of the Study
7.3 Method and Material
7.4 Urbanization: Impediment or Fortune?
7.5 Fiji's Tourism Industry: Challenges and Resilience
7.6 Urbanization and Tourism: Development Dilemma
7.8 Potholes of "City" or "Smart City": Nadi Town
7.9 Conclusion
7.10 Recommendations
References
8. The Maturity of Social Innovations for the Adaptation of Cities to Climate Change-The Case of Poland
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Social Innovations for the Adaptation of Polish Cities to Climate Change
8.3.2 Assessment of the Maturity of the SI Process for Adaptation to Climate Change
8.3.3 Directions for Improving the Maturity of the SI Process for the Climate Adaptation of Polish Cities
8.4 Conclusions
References
9. Role of Urban Green Space Fostering Environmentally Modified Attitude and Behaviour: Reflection from a Highly Expanding Medium-Sized Town in India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Study Area
9.2.1 Selection of Neighbourhood
9.3 Materials and Methods
9.3.1 Development of Indicators
9.3.2 The Present Research and Proposed Hypothesis
9.3.3 Hypothesized Model for Enquiry
9.3.4 Data Collection
9.3.5 Socio-demographic Overview of Respondents
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 Structural Equation Model
9.4.2 Descriptive Statistics of Input Variables
9.4.3 Differentiating Nature Connectedness of Study Sites through MANOVA
9.4.4 Differences in Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour among Urbanites in Different Study Sites
9.5 Limitation and Future Scope of the Study
9.6 Conclusion
References
Section III: Urbanism and Smart Cities—An Advanced Analysis
10. Urban Spaces and Smart City Development: Issues and Future Challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concept of a Smart City
10.2.1 Smart Buildings
10.2.2 Intelligent Transportation
10.2.3 Energy
10.2.4 Smart Health Care
10.2.5 e-Governance
10.2.6 Smart Education
10.3 What Is Urban Space?
10.3.1 Need for an Urban Public Space?
10.3.2 Importance of Urban Public Spaces
10.4 Sustainable Development and Urban Spaces
10.4.1 Environmental Issues
10.4.2 Population
10.4.3 Uniform Development
10.5 Communication Technologies (Cloud and Service Architecture)
10.6 Sustainable Urban Spaces and Governance
10.6.1 Sustainable Urban Development
10.6.2 Urban Spaces and Information Communication Technologies
10.7 Sustainable Urban Spaces: The Future
10.7.1 Big Data and Issues
10.7.2 Governance and Funding
10.7.3 Street Fatalities
10.7.4 Overreliance on Technology
10.7.5 The Challenge of People/Skill Sets
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Urban Soundscape and Noise Pollution: An Introduction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Urbanscape
11.3 Soundscape
11.3.1 Soundscape Components
11.3.2 Soundscape Structure
11.3.3 Soundscape Balance
11.3.4 Types of Soundscapes
11.3.5 Polluted Soundscape
11.4 Noise Pollution
11.4.1 Effect of Noise Pollution on Health
11.4.2 Effect of Noise Pollution on Biodiversity
11.4.3 Fight against Noise Pollution
11.5 Tools and Methods for Studying and Analyzing Sound Environments
11.5.1 Noise Measurement
11.5.2 Questionnaires
11.5.3 Sound Recording
11.5.4 Noise Maps
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Transportation Sustainability Assessment using an Indicator-Based Method: A Case of Kochi, Kerala, India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.2.1 Methods for Sustainability Assessment
12.2.2 Selection of Indicators
12.2.3 Tools and Techniques for Index Creation
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Study Area
12.3.2 Data Collection
12.3.3 Methodology
12.4 Analysis and Results
12.4.1 Normalization and Benchmarking
12.4.2 Weighing and Aggregation
12.4.3 Transport Sustainability Index
12.4.4 Comparison with Other Indian Cities
12.4.5 Categorising Indicators
12.5 Discussion
12.5.1 Recommendations
12.5.2 Scope for Further Research
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
13. The Relation between Urban Physical Indicators and Solar Irradiation Availability on Building Envelopes: Using Tehran as a Case Study
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Review
13.3 Conceptual Model
13.4 Data and Methods
13.5 Morphological Analysis
13.6 Solar Availability Analysis
13.7 Results and Discussion
13.8 Conclusion
13.9 Limitations and Further Research
References
14. Urban Water Quality Index of the Commercial Capital City of Bangladesh
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Profile of the Commercial Capital City of Bangladesh
14.3 Data and Methods
14.4 Results
14.5 Discussion
14.6 Conclusions
Notes
References
Section IV: Urban Sprawl, Resource Consumption, Management, and Smart Cities
15. Urban Sprawl, Blight, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
15.1 Introduction
15.2 What Drives Urban Sprawl?
15.3 Characteristics of Urban Sprawl
15.4 Consequences of Urban Sprawl
15.4.1 Health Impacts
15.4.2 Natural Habitats
15.4.3 Higher Costs
15.4.4 Energy and Materials Consumption, Air Pollution
15.4.5 Water Pollution and Floods
15.4.6 Socio-Economic Impacts
15.4.7 Impact of Sprawl in Other Countries
15.4.8 Positive Effects
15.5 The Nexus of Blight and Sprawl
15.5.1 Definitions of Blight
15.5.2 Causation: Which Comes First, Sprawl or Blight?
15.5.3 Consequences of Blight
15.5.4 Methodology of the Blight and Sprawl Connection
15.5.5 Data on Spawl-Related Urban Blight
15.5.6 Sprawl and Blight Policy Implications
15.6 Difference between Urban Growth and Urban Sprawl
15.7 Ways to Halt Sprawl
15.8 How COVID-19 Impacts Cities
15.8.1 Smart Growth, Implementation of Smart Technologies, and COVID-19
15.8.2 Emerging Infections and Cities
15.8.3 Sprawl, Blight, and COVID-19
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Improving Food Security in African Cities towards Smartness: A Bibliometric Analysis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology
16.2.1 Database Selection
16.2.2 Search Strategy
16.2.3 Refining Retrieved Results of the Search
16.2.4 Data Export and Analysis
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Features of Publications
16.3.2 Growth in Publications and Citations
16.3.3 Subject and Category Analysis
16.3.4 Keyword Analysis
16.3.5 Geographical Distribution of Publications, Active Countries, and Institutions
16.3.6 Active Journals
16.3.7 Author Analysis
16.4 Suggested Measures to Improve Food Security in African Cities
16.5 Future Perspectives
16.6 Conclusions
References
17. Analysis of Urban Sprawl and Blight Using Shannon Entropy Index: A Case Study of Memphis, Tennessee
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Where Urban Sprawl Can Be Found
17.3 How to Measure Urban Sprawl
17.4 The Urban and Suburban Neighborhood Spatial Structure and Sprawl Measurement: A Case Study of Memphis, Tennessee
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Hypothesis to Test
17.4.3 Study Objectives
17.4.4 Study Area
17.4.5 Study Rationale
17.4.6 Materials and Methods
17.4.7 Theory and Calculations
17.4.7.1 Mapping the Morphology of Urban Sprawl with Shannon Entropy
17.4.7.2 Block Group Land Cover and Land Use Transitions
17.4.7.3 Correlation of Sprawl and Blight
17.4.8 Discussion
17.4.9 Limitations of the Study and Scope for Further Research
References
18. A Geospatial Analysis on Effects of Wetland Changes in the Coastal Urban Area in Ampara District
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 The Methology Applied
18.2 Existing Wetlands in the Study Area
18.3 Changes in Wetlands During Fifteen Years (From 2005 to 2019)
18.4 Spatial Changes of Wetlands in the Ampara Coastal Area from 2005 to 2019
18.5 Conclusion
18.6 Recommendation
References
19. Geospatial Analysis of Solid Waste Management in Badulla Municipality—Uva Province, Sri Lanka
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Research Problem
19.2 Literature Review
19.2.1 Solid Waste Issues in the Urban Sector
19.2.2 Use of Geospatial Technology for Site Selection
19.3 Methodology
19.3.1 Study Area
19.3.2 Data Source and Types
19.4 Data Analysis
19.4.1 Create the Geospatial Database
19.4.2 Develop the Model Using the Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach to Identify Relevant Criteria
19.4.3 Identify the Suitable Site for Waste Disposal under the Selected Criteria
19.5 Results and Discussion
19.5.1 Geospatial Analysis as a Solution for Solid Waste Issues in the Badulla Municipality
19.5.2 Hydrological Network Map
19.5.3 Land Use Pattern
19.5.4 Built-Up Areas
19.5.5 Road Networks
19.5.6 Population Density
19.5.7 Hazards
19.5.8 Assigning Weights
19.6 Conclusion
19.7 Recommendations
References
Section V: Urban Smart Building, Modern and Geospatial Technology, and Smart Cities
20. Building a Sustainable Green Space System in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, Using Space Inputs
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Study Area
20.3 Research Objective
20.4 Green space status inside Bhubaneswar Development Area (BDA) Area
20.5 Database and Methodology
20.5.1 Scoring/Ranking of Criteria
20.5.2 Derivation of Weights by Statistic Integration
20.6 Suitability Scenario
20.7 Findings
20.8 Conclusion
References
21. Identification of Landslide Hazard Zones of Gangtok Urban Area in Sikkim Himalayas with the Help of the Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method Using Geospatial Techniques
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.2.1 Geomorphological Characteristics
21.2.2 Geological Characteristics
21.2.3 Seismological Characteristics
21.3 Data Used and Methodology
21.3.1 Data Collection and Processing
21.3.2 Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method
21.4 Results and Discussion
21.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Various Preparatory Factors
21.4.1.1 Slope Angle
21.4.1.2 Slope Aspect
21.4.1.3 Geological Structures
21.4.1.4 Relative Relief
21.4.1.5 Distance to River
21.4.1.6 Distance to Road
21.4.1.7 Distance to Thrust and Fault
21.4.1.8 Land Use
21.4.2 Preparation and Evaluation of LHZ Map
21.4.3 Validation of Landslide Hazard Zones
21.5 Conclusion
References
22. Designing Sustainable Urban Blocks: An Effort to Optimizing 3D Form and Achieving Maximum Amount of Solar Radiation
22.1 Urban Block: From Theoretical Approaches to Practical Concepts
22.1.1 Urban Block: The Challenge
22.1.2 Urban Block: Definitions and History
22.1.3 Sustainable Urban Block
22.2 Introduction to Solar Energy: A Friendly Renewable Energy
22.2.1 Solar Radiation: Modeling and Simulation
22.3 A Review of Optimization Algorithm
22.4 Methodology: Optimization Problems
22.4.1 Genetic Algorithms: Simulated Annealing
22.4.2 Simulation and Analysis Solar Radiation in Urban Block
22.5 Case Study: Model Development of Urban Block
22.6 Result and Discussion: Optimization Algorithms between Urban Block and Solar Radiation
22.7 Conclusion
References
23. Rethinking Disaster-Resilient Cities: A Close Integration of Planning with Geospatial Technology
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Disaster and Cities
23.2.1 Impact of Disaster
23.2.2 Disaster-Resilient Cities
23.3 Geospatial Technologies and Disaster Management
23.3.1 Geospatial Technology
23.3.2 Remote Sensing in Disaster Management
23.3.3 GIS and Disaster Management
23.3.4 Land Use and Hazard Vulnerability Assessments
23.4 Application of Geospatial Tools in Disaster Risk Reduction
23.4.1 Floods and Coastal Systems
23.4.2 Earthquakes
23.4.3 Landslides
23.4.4 Cyclones
23.4.5 Forest Fire
23.4.6 Epidemic/Pandemic
23.5 Challenges with Geospatial Technologies in Disaster Management
23.6 Conclusion
References
24. Analysis of Multi-Environmental/Geo-Hazards Challenges for the City Coimbatore, South India
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials and Methods
24.2.1 Study Area
24.2.2 Land Use Land Cover Analysis
24.2.3 Seismic Hazard Zonation of Coimbatore
24.2.4 Standardized Precipitation Index
24.3 Results and Discussion
24.3.1 Status of Land Use Land Cover
24.3.2 Earthquake Zonation of Coimbatore
24.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index
24.4 Conclusion and Way Forward
Acknowledgement
References
25. Monitoring of Urban Climate Using Geospatial Techniques
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Urban Heat Island Studies Using Remote Sensing
25.2.1 Surface Urban Heat Island Studies in Gangetic Plains
25.3 Urbanisation and Satellite-Based Aerosol Studies
25.3.1 Satellite-Based Aerosol Studies in the Gangetic Plains
25.4 The Seasonal Trends of SUHIs and Satellite-Derived AOD over the Gangetic Plains
25.4.1 Study Area, Data, and Methods
25.4.1.1 Study Area
25.4.1.2 Data Sources
25.4.1.3 Methods
25.4.2 Results and Discussions
25.5 Conclusions
References
Index