Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications, Volume 1: Syngas Production and Preparation

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications
Contributors
Copyright
Preface
Reviewer Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Syngas characteristics: Physical and chemical properties
Introduction
Production of syngas
The reaction of methane reforming
Gasification of biomass/coal for the production of fuels and chemicals
Gasification
The properties of a synthesis gas
A brief description of synthesis gas physical and chemical properties
Syngas basic combustion properties
Limits on the flammability of syngas
The velocities of syngas laminar flames
Syngas ignition delay times
Composition of syngas and its calorific value
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Syngas production by gasification processes
Introduction
State of the art of gasification
Gasification process
Gasification fuel
Gasifying agent
Syngas composition
Tar content
Operating and performance process parameters
Operating parameters
Equivalence ratio and temperature
Pressure
Throughput
Inlet temperature of the gasifying agent
Additives and bed materials
Others
Performance parameters
Cold gas efficiency
Hot gas efficiency
Carbon conversion efficiency
Other process performance parameters
Gasification technologies
Fluidized bed gasifier
Fixed bed gasifiers
Other types of gasifiers
Cleaning and upgrading of syngas
Gas cleaning
Low-temperature gas cleaning
High-temperature gas cleaning
Gas upgrading
Syngas applications
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Pyrolysis process for syngas production
Introduction
Synthesis gas and its properties
Pathways of syngas production from reforming processes
Biomass pathways to produce syngas (biosyngas)
Biomass gasification
Biomass pyrolysis
Effect of biomass composition on syngas production
Influence of operating conditions
Heating requirement
Feedstock preparation and size of the particles
Effect of pyrolysis temperature on syngas production
Reactor for fast pyrolysis
Catalytic biomass pyrolysis for syngas production
Effect of the catalyst
Zeolites
Metal oxides
Effect of temperature on catalytic pyrolysis
Conclusion
References
Steam reforming process for syngas production
Introduction
Principles of steam methane reforming
Ni-based catalysts
Noble metal catalysts
Promoted Ni-based catalysts
Ni-Co-based catalysts
Conclusion
References
Dry reforming for syngas production
Introduction
Ni-based catalyst
The role of Ni content
The role of supporting material
The role of promoters
Co-based catalyst
The role of Co content
The role of support
The role of promoter
Bimetallic catalysts
Conclusion
References
Autothermal reforming and trireforming for syngas production
Introduction
Reaction mechanism
Catalyst modifications
Size and dispersion
Preparation method
Metal-support interaction
Architecture design
Surface basicity
Oxygen effect
Interface engineering
Advanced reactor development
Operation parameters
Feed ratio
Temperature
Pressure
Velocity/Reynolds number (Re)
Sustainability evaluations
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chemical looping reforming (CLR) for syngas production
Introduction
Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics
Chemical looping reforming processes
Gaseous fuels
Liquid fuels
Solid fuels
Nonconventional chemical looping reforming systems
Renewable energy + CLR
Carbide chemical looping reforming
Membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming (MA-CLR)
Oxygen carriers for chemical looping reforming
Main characteristics of oxygen carriers
Support materials for oxygen carriers
Process integration, modeling, and economic analyses
Process integration
Upstream units
Downstream units
Process modeling and techno-economic analyses
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Microwave-assisted reforming for syngas production
Introduction to microwave-assisted reactors in chemicals synthesis
Technology evolvement
Microwave technologies and reactor design
Materials for microwave-assisted reactors
Reaction parameters in microwave reactors
Dry methane reforming (DMR) in microwave-assisted reactors
The effect of the microwave system on DMR mechanism and parameters
Methane reforming catalyst design for MW-assisted reactors
Conventional supported metallic catalyst structures
Carbon-based catalysts
Metal-carbon catalysts
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Partial oxidation process for syngas production
Introduction
Process technology
Noncatalytic partial oxidation process
Catalytic partial oxidation process
Fixed-bed reactors
Monolith reactors
Fluidized-bed reactors
Membrane reactors
Catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
Light hydrocarbons
Heavy hydrocarbons
Oxygenated hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Dimethyl ether (DME)
Biofuels
Catalyst development history
Noble catalysts
Nonnoble catalysts
Reaction mechanisms and kinetic
Reaction mechanisms
Direct partial oxidation mechanism
Combustion and reforming reactions mechanism
Reaction kinetic
Kinetic model for catalytic partial oxidation of methane
Kinetic model for catalytic partial oxidation of other hydrocarbons
Conclusion
References
Co-electrolysis process for syngas production
Introduction
Water electrolysis technologies
Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE)
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC)
PEM water electrolysis
Solid oxide electrolysis (SOE)
Process description for SOCE
Operating principle
Thermodynamics
Nernst potential
Materials for SOCEs
Ni-based cathode
Ceramic cathode
Sr-doped LaVO3 (LSV)
LaCrO3-based materials
Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 (SFM)
LaxSr1-xTiO3+δ (LST)
Long-term performance degradation of SOECs
Conclusion
References
Photocatalytic process for syngas production
Introduction
Shrinking the carbon cycle
Catalysts for photocatalytic process
Nickel
Titanium
Cobalt
Silver and gold
Cobalt with carbon nitride
Usage of catalyst support and structural co-catalysts
Iron and phosphorous: A development driven by cost efficacy and process scaling feasibility
Iron-based structures
Phosphorous-based structures
Tailorable structures
Nitrogenated structures
Metal organic frameworks
Conjugated polymers
Novel processes
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Membrane technology for syngas production
Introduction
Membrane technology performance
Membrane material selection
Feed gas composition and flow rate
Membrane material properties
Process operating conditions
Application of membrane-based processes for syngas separation/production
Hydrogen recovery
CO2 separation
Conclusion
References
Micro-channel reactor technology for syngas production
Introduction
Procedure of producing syngas
Partial oxidation (POX)
Hydrocarbon reforming
Steam reforming
Dry reforming
Autothermal reforming
Micro-channels as efficient reaction media
Micro-channel reactors fabrication
Materials
Polymeric and glass substrates
Metallic substrates
Semiconductors, ceramics, and composites
Arrayed micro-channel manufacturing
Micro-channels development program
Micro-channel applications
Syngas production in micro-channels
Reforming
Gasification
Conclusion
References
Plasma technology for syngas production
Introduction
Different NTP reactors for DRM
Corona discharge
Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD)
Microwave (MW) plasma
Gliding arc (GA)
Dielectric barrier discharge
Effect of processing parameters
Effect of discharge power
Effect of gas flow rate
Effect of CO2/CH4 molar ratio
Effect of reaction temperature
Effect of packing materials
Other process parameters
Plasma catalysis for DRM
Plasma catalysis: Configurations and plasma-catalyst interactions
Plasma-catalytic DRM reaction
Effect of active metals
Effect of support materials
Effect of promoters and dopants
Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Syngas from coal
Introduction
Conventional coal gasifiers
Sasol-Lurgi dry-ash gasifier
The Winkler gasifier
The Koppers-Totzek gasifier
Other gasifiers
Underground coal gasification (UCG)
The various uses of coal-derived syngas
The environmental impact from syngas production from coal
Sulfur and nitrogen compounds
Mercury
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Conclusion
References
Syngas from agricultural waste
Introduction
Biogas feedstocks
Components of biomass
Pretreatments for syngas production from green resources
Physical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
Mechanical pretreatment
Irradiation pretreatment
Chemical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
Physicochemical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
Biological pretreatment of agriculture wastes
Agriculture wastes as an energy source
Different types of agricultural wastes
Rice straw and rice husk
Wheat straw
Corn stover and corncob
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Miscanthus giganteus
Syngas production routes from biomass
Biochemical process
Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
Thermochemical conversion
Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Gasification
Factors affecting performance of biomass gasification
Feedstock size
Biomass moisture content
Reactor type
Reaction temperature and steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B)
Catalyst used for syngas production from agriculture wastes
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Syngas production from wood and cardboard waste
Introduction
Availability and global supply chain of wood and cardboard for energy use
Australia
Asia (India and China)
Europe
North and South America
Rest of the world
Cardboard supply and demand growth
Structure and composition of wood and cardboard
Structural analysis
Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis
Pretreatment of biomass for syngas production
Pretreatment methods
Physical pretreatment of woody biomass
Thermochemical pretreatment of wood and cardboard waste
Torrefaction
Steam explosion
Syngas production and analysis
Parametric effect on syngas production
Catalyst used for syngas production from wood and cardboard
Effect of wood and cardboard structure and composition on syngas yield
Economics of syngas production from wood and cardboard
Prospects, challenges, and future recommendations
Conclusion
Syngas from food waste
Introduction
Valorization of food waste
Biomass gasification (BG)
Supercritical water gasification of biomass (SWGB)
Biomass liquefaction (BL)
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)
Dry feedstock
Wet biomass
Biomass liquefaction in the presence of a solvent
Catalytic biomass liquefaction (CBL)
Anaerobic digestion (AD)
Dark fermentation (DF)
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Syngas from plastic waste
Introduction
Plastic waste feedstock
Plastic waste thermal stability and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Plastic waste gasification
Case study: The Gasiforming process
Conclusion
References
Syngas from black liquor
Introduction
Basic process description
The kraft pulping process
Black liquor drying
Black liquor gasification
Mathematical modeling
Equilibrium models
Kinetic models
Computational fluid dynamics models
Scientific and technological issues
TRI process
Chemrec gasification
Case study
Conclusion
References
Syngas from microalgae
Introduction
Synthesis gas: Definition and applications
Conventional syngas production routes
H2: Main syngas ingredient
Syngas production from fossil fuels: Benefits and risks
Syngas from biomass feedstock: A renewable and sustainable route
Algal materials
Thermochemical conversion of microalgae to syngas
Pyrolysis of microalgae to syngas
Liquefaction of microalgae to syngas
Gasification of microalgae to syngas
Conventional gasification (CG)
Supercritical-water gasification (SCWG)
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Syngas from lignin
Introduction
Gasification reactor design
Modeling approaches
Biomass characterization
Multistep kinetic model
Multiphase multiscale phenomena in gasification and modeling
Reactor scale
Modeling examples
Arundo Donax and Poplar
Sensitivity analysis results
Conclusion
References
Index