Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications, Volume 3: Syngas Products and Usages

Advances in Synthesis Gas:Methods, Technologies and Applications
Contributors
Copyright
Preface
Reviewer Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Introduction to syngas products and applications
Introduction
Chemicals from synthesis gas
Hydrogen
Swing adsorption technologies
Membrane-based technologies
Methanol production
Methanol synthesis plant
Separation and purification section
Methanol to gasoline
Ammonia production
Fischer-Tropsch chemicals
Ethanol and mixed alcohols
Dimethyl ether
Methane
Energy production from synthesis gas
Cogeneration
Trigeneration
Conclusion
Hydrogen production from syngas
Introduction
Desulfurization
Syngas production from hydrocarbons reforming
Steam reforming
Partial oxidation method
Autothermal reforming method
Water-gas shift technology
Hydrogen purification methods
Hydrogen recovery and purification by pressure swing adsorption process
Hydrogen purification using membrane technology
Syngas redox process to produce hydrogen from syngas
Conclusion
Ammonia production from syngas
Introduction
Typical ammonia plant layout
Syngas and hydrogen production technologies
Desulfurizer
Prereformer
Primary reformer
Autothermal and secondary reformers
Water gas shift reactors
Syngas purification: carbon capture and disposal
Syngas purification via methanation process
Ammonia synthesis and purge gas recovery
Utilities plant and waste heat recovery system
Stream properties, thermodynamic performance, and environmental impact of the ammonia production plants
Improvement opportunities for the ammonia plant and its utility systems
Chemically recuperated gas expansion systems for syngas production and enhanced carbon capture
Dual pressure ammonia production systems
Biomass-based ammonia production for decarbonizing the fertilizers sector
Capital and operating costs of conventional and alternative ammonia plants
Conclusion
Methane production from syngas
Introduction
Chemical methanation of syngas
Chemical mechanism, process conditions, and catalysts
Catalytic methanation concepts: design and facilities
Catalytic methanation kinetic models
Biological conversion of syngas into methane
Biological mechanism and process conditions
Biological methanation concepts
Biological methanation kinetic models
Conclusion
Methanol production from syngas
Introduction
History
Methanol applications
Methanol production
Methanol production from syngas
Syngas production
Methanol synthesis from syngas
Adiabatic reactors
Isothermal reactors
Methanol distillation
Direct methanol synthesis from CO2
Biomass as energy-feedstock for methanol synthesis
Biomass gasification
Biological process
Methanol production from a feedstock other than syngas
Existing technologies
Gas-phase technologies
Adiabatic reactors
Isothermal reactors
Gas-phase fluidized bed converter
Liquid phase technologies
Membrane reactors
One-step technologies
Conclusion
Ethanol production from syngas
Introduction
Characteristics of ethanol vs gasoline and fossil fuels
Catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol
Direct catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol
Indirect catalytic conversion of syngas to ethanol
Methanol route
DME route
Bioconversion of syngas to ethanol
Biocatalysts and syngas bioconversion pathway
Parameters affecting ethanol production from syngas
pH and redox potential
Trace metals in the fermentation medium
Other compounds of the fermentation medium
Substrate and product toxicity
Bioreactors
Biocatalytic vs catalytic processes
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Mixed higher alcohols production from syngas
Introduction
Catalyst design for higher alcohol synthesis
Rh-based catalysts
Mo-based catalysts
Modified FT catalysts
Modified methanol synthesis catalysts
Process configurations
Reactor configurations
Conclusion and future outlook
Acetic acid and co-chemicals production from syngas
Introduction
Pretreatment of syngas for acetic acid production
Removal of sulfur compounds
Wet scrubbing
Separation techniques
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
Membrane separation
Cryogenic separation
Methods for acetic acid production from syngas
Biological method
Chemical method
Direct synthesis of acetic acid and co-chemicals from syngas
Methanol carbonylation for acetic acid
Monsanto process
Cativa process
Acetica process
Novel processes for acetic acid production
Downstream processes for acetic acid recovery and purification
Downstream processing of AA produced by chemical route
Purification of biological effluent
Conclusion and future outlook
Diesel, naphtha, gasoline, and wax production from syngas
Introduction
Syngas to liquid fuels
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Methanol and liquid fuels
Diesel
Naphtha
Gasoline
Wax
Conclusion
Fuel gas from syngas
Introduction
General aspects of syngas
Syngas production
Syngas utilization
Syngas to produce fuel gas
Overview of Fischer-Tropsch process
Active metals for the F-T reaction, mechanisms, and kinetic models
Production of fuel gases through F-T reactions: Catalysts and operating conditions
Fuel gas production from syngas through non-Fischer-Tropsch mechanisms
Production of fuel gas through F-T or non-F-T mechanism
DME production
DME mechanisms
Conclusion
Biofuel production from syngas
Introduction
Syngas conversion into biofuels
FT process using metal catalysts
Syngas fermentation
Bioethanol production from syngas
Biomethanol production from syngas
Biohydrogen production from syngas
Biobutanol production from syngas
Conclusion and future outlook
Power generation from syngas
Introduction
Syngas production pathways
Syngas as a fuel for gas turbines
Materials for gas turbines for firing syngas fuels
Alloys for vanes and blades
Coatings for vanes and blades
Materials for combustors
Alloys for discs
Chemical looping cycles for power production using syngas as a fuel
Conclusion
Combined heat and power application of syngas
Introduction
CHP systems
Advantages and disadvantages of CHP technologies
CHP principles
Syngas potential of producing energy
Applying syngas in CHP systems
SOFC-based CHP application
Development of SOFC
Advantage of SOFC
Gasification process
Gasifier
Gasification process and the role of operating parameters
Gas cleaning
The agnion heatpipe-reformer
Conclusion and future outlook
Application of syngas in fuel cell
Introduction
Fuel cell operation principle
Fuel cell types
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Solid oxide fuel cell
Alkaline fuel cells
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
Direct methanol fuel cell
Molten carbonate fuel cell
Fuel cell applications
Transportation applications
Stationary power plant
Portable applications
Maritime application
Fuels for fuel cells
Hydrogen fuel for fuel cell
Methanol fuel for fuel cell
Dimethyl ether fuel for fuel cell
Ammonia fuel for fuel cell
Natural gas fuel for fuel cell
Syngas fuel for fuel cells
Materials in syngas-fueled SOFC
Reforming processes for H2 production
External reforming system
Internal reforming system
Syngas purification methods
CO cleaning methods
Preferential oxidation
Selective CO methanation
Pressure swing adsorption
Membrane separation
Desulfurization processes
Recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives
Conclusion
Syngas utilization in the iron and steel industry
Introduction
Possibilities of syngas utilization in iron-making
Iron-making gases
Syngas from biomass
Syngas from gasification of waste plastic
Power to gas
CO2 electrolysis route
H2O electrolysis and RWGS route
Operating diagram of blast furnaces using syngas
Rist diagram
Reducing gas production (plot in the interval 0 Reducing gas utilization (plot in the interval 1 Equation of the operating line
Computation of the operating line
Point W and R: Chemical and thermal reserve zones
Point P: Energy balance in the elaboration zone
Operating lines for different syngas injections
Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
Conclusion
Chemical vapor deposition by syngas on nanoparticles: Application to drug delivery
Introduction
Methods for the preparation of iron NPs
Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition
Syngas application in photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition
Application of photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition in drug delivery
Conclusion
Environmental impacts of syngas
Introduction
Conventional syngas production technologies
Steam reforming and environmental challenges
Partial oxidation and environmental challenges
Dry methane reforming and environmental challenges
Trireforming process and environmental challenges
Gasification and environmental challenges
Novel techniques and mitigating greenhouse effects
Plasma technique
Photocatalysis technique
Environmental challenges of syngas conversion to products
Conclusion
Future prospects and industrial outlook of syngas applications
Introduction
Gasification
Gasifier types
Updraft fixed bed (UFB)
Downdraft fixed bed (DFB)
Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB)
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB)
Entrained flow (EF)
Syngas characterization
Effect of biomass type
Effect of temperature
Effect equivalence ratio
Syngas uses
Ammonia production
Methanol production
Heat and electricity production
Biomethane production
Production of liquid hydrocarbons
Hydrogen production
Challenges of syngas production from biomass
Feedstock availability, pretreatment, storage, and transportation
Moisture
Biomass bulk density and LHV
Syngas storage and LHV
Challenges associated with syngas production technologies
Tar production
Temperature profiles
Maintenance
Future prospects of syngas
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Index
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