Advances in Surgical and Medical Specialties

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
The Editor
Table of Contents
Corresponding Authors
Note from the Series Editor
Chapter 1: Surgical and Medical Specialties: A Journey in Pictures
Chapter 2: Lymph Nodes—The Neglected Battlefield in Tuberculosis
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Concluding Remarks
2.3: Methods
Chapter 3: Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021
3.1: CKD Is Common Among US Adults
3.2: CKD by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity
3.3: CKD Risk Factors
3.4: Ways to Prevent CKD
3.5: Treatment to Lower Blood Pressure
3.6: Testing and Treatment: Find It Early, Treat It Early
3.7: CKD Related Health Problems
3.8: People with CKD Can Lower Their Risk for Kidney Failure
Chapter 4: Combatting Sepsis: A Public Health Perspective
4.1: National Trends in Sepsis Burden
4.2: Comprehensive Sepsis Prevention Framework
4.3: Building Partnerships and Increasing Awareness
4.4: Future Public Health Opportunities and Challenges
Chapter 5: Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: Closing a Virtuous Circle
Chapter 6: Cardiovascular Events after Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Materials and Methods
6.3: Results
6.4: Discussion
6.5: Future Directions
Chapter 7: Risk Factors for Recurrent Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and Young Adults
7.1: Introduction
7.2:
Review Methodology
7.3: Prevalence of AIS Recurrence
7.4: Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in a Pediatric Population
7.5: Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in Young Adults
7.6: Secondary Prevention of AIS
7.7: Conclusions
Chapter 8: Cellular Mechanisms of Human Atherogenesis: Focus on Chronification of Inflammation and Mitochondrial Mutations
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis
8.3: Variants of the Nuclear Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis
8.4: Variants of Mitochondrial Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis
8.5: Role of Mitochondrial Mutations in Cellular Mechanism of Atherosclerosis; Chronification of Inflamation
8.6: Conclusions
Chapter 9: The Microbiota of the Human Gut and Cardiometabolic Health
9.1: Introduction
9.2: The Microbiome
9.3: Major Metabolic Contributors to Microbiome Profile Identity
9.4: Dysbiosis and the Development of T2DM
9.5: Gut Microbiota and CVD
9.6: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 10: Pharmaceutical Strategies for Reducing LDL-C and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
10.1: Introduction
10.2: The Importance of Potency in Statin Monotherapy
10.3: Alternative Strategies to Achieve LDL-C Goal
10.4: PCSK9, a New Therapeutic Target
10.5: Conclusion
Chapter 11: Atherogenic Markers in Predicting Cardiovascular Risk and Targeting Residual Cardiovascular Risk
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Markers of Atherogenic Risk
11.3: Residual Cardiovascular Risk
11.4: Conclusions
Chapter 12: The Continuous Quest for More Effective and Safer Thromboprophylaxis Protocols
12.1: Thrombosis: A Preventable Healthcare Burden
12.2: Implementation Strategies and Risk Stratification
12.3: Prophylaxis Options with Comparison of Their Eficacy and Risks
12.4: Screening Methods and Secondary Prophylaxis
12.5: New Horizons: Emerging Prophylaxis Methods, Screening Strategies and Treatment Policies
12.6: Conclusion
Chapter 13: Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Cellular Aspects of Acute Wound Repair
13.3: When Healing Fails—Factors Influencing Chronic Wound Healing
13.4: Translational Techniques to Enhance Clinical Understanding of Wounds
13.5: Current Therapies and Future Opportunities
13.6: Conclusions
Chapter 14: Advances in Cervical Cancer Prevention: Efficacy, Effectiveness, Elimination?
14.1: Evolution of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination
14.2:
Prospects for Cervical Cancer Elimination
14.3: Opportunities and Challenges Posed by Resource Levels
14.4: Cervical Screening in the Presence of HPV Vaccination
14.5
: Future Perspectives
Chapter 15: Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Materials and Methods
15.3: Results
15.4: Discussion
15.5: Conclusion
Chapter 16: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Molecular Basis of CSCC
16.3: Treatment of CSCC
16.4: Pharmacologically Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
16.5: Conclusions
Chapter 17: Brain and Testis: More Alike Than Previously Thought?
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Brain and Testis
17.3: Neuron and Sperm
17.4: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 18: Myomatous Erythrocytosis Syndrome: A Case Series
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Results
18.3: Discussion
18.4: Conclusions
Chapter 19: Vascular Involvements in Cholangiocarcinoma: Tips and Tricks
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Materials and Methods
19.3: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement
19.4: Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement
19.5: Conclusions
Chapter 20: Rehabilitation for People Living with Dementia: A Practical Framework of Positive Support
20.1: Why Is Rehabilitation Relevant?
20.2: How Can Cognitive Rehabilitation Benefit People with Dementia and Carers?
20.3: Where Do Other Nonpharmacological Interventions Fit In?
20.4: How Could Services Adopt a Rehabilitation Model?
20.5: Why Should We Acknowledge the Right to Rehabilitation?
Chapter 21: Are Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia the Same Disease?
21.1: Background
21.2: Conclusions
21.3: Future Perspectives
Chapter 22: Regenerative Medicine: Could Parkinson’s Be the First Neurodegenerative Disease to Be Cured?
22.1: Multiplication and Differentiation of NSCs
22.2: Production, Transplantation and Characterization of Precursor DOP Aminergic Neurons
22.3: Rejection of Transplanted Cells
22.4: From Bench to Bed
22.5: Future Perspective
Chapter 23: Changes in the Functional Brain Network of Children Undergoing Repeated Epilepsy Surgery: An EEG Source Connectivity Study
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Materials and Methods
23.3: Results
23.4: Discussion
23.5: Conclusions
Chapter 24: Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Atrial Fibrillation: A Potential Contributor to the Increased Risk of Dementia and Worsening of Stroke Outcomes
24.1: Introduction
24.2: The Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier
24.3: Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption
24.4: Effects of Altered Cerebral Blood Flow on the Blood–Brain Barrier
24.5: Disrupted Peripheral and Cerebral Blood Flow in Atrial Fibrillation
24.6: What Are the Underlying Mechanisms that Increase the Risk of Stroke and Dementia in trial Fibrillation?
24.7: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 25: Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: From Pathophysiology to Outcomes—Overview of an Emerging Medical Problem
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Definition
25.3: Pathophysiology
25.4: Specials Clinical Forms of TIC
25.5: Diagnosis
25.6: Outcomes
25.7: Hints for Therapy
25.8: Management of Patients with Severe Trauma in an ER
Chapter 26: Advances in Fractures and Dislocations of the Hip Joint
26.1: Hip Fractures
26.2: Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip Joint
Chapter 27: Predicting Scoliosis Progression: A Challenge for Researchers and Clinicians
Chapter 28: Prosthetic and Mechanical Parameters of the Facial Bone under the Load of Different Dental Implant Shapes: A Parametric Study
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Results
28.3: Discussion
28.4: Materials and Methods
28.5: Conclusions
Chapter 29: Circulating Arsenic Is Associated with Long-Term Risk of Graft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Methods
29.3: Results
29.4: Discussion
29.5: Conclusions
Chapter 30: Successful Aging and Chronic Osteoarthritis
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Methods
30.3: Results
30.4: Discussion
30.5: Conclusions
30.6: Future Research and Practical Challenges
Chapter 31: Radiographic Analysis on the Distortion of the Anatomy of First Metatarsal Head in Dorsoplantar Projection
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Material and Methods
31.3: Results
31.4: Discussion
31.5: Conclusions
Chapter 32: Clinical Aspects and Current Therapeutic Approaches for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Epidemiology
32.3: Pathophysiology
32.4: Natural Clinical Course
32.5: Skeletal Malformations
32.6: Managements and Treatments
32.7: On-Going Clinical Trials for FOP
32.8: Conclusions
Chapter 33: Comparison and Lessons Learned from Neglected Tropical Diseases and Tuberculosis
33.1: Introduction
33.2: Underlying Burden of Disease
33.3: Influence of Poverty and Development
33.4: Neglect
33.5: Conclusions
Chapter 34: Current Issues in Antibiotic Antimicrobial Resistance
34.1: About Antibiotic Resistance
34.2: Antibiotic Resistance Threatens Everyone
34.3: Brief History of Resistance and Antibiotics
34.4: Fighting Antibiotic Resistance
34.5: Antibiotic Resistance: 5 Things to Know
34.6: Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Threaten Modern Medicine
34.7: Examples of How Antibiotic Resistance Affects Humans, Animals and the Environment
34.8: How Antibiotic Resistance Moves Directly Germ to Germ
34.9: Protect People and Animals, Combat Antibiotic Resistance: Actions for Livestock and Poultry Producers
Chapter 35: Ending AIDS as a Public Health Threat by 2030: Time to Reset Targets for 2025
35.1: Introduction
35.2: The Process and Structures
35.3: Addressing the Key Challenges, Concerns, and Priorities
35.4: Conclusions
Chapter 36: 9 Questions to Help Make Sense of Health Research
Chapter 37: Transdisciplinary Research and Clinical Priorities for Better Health
37.1: Lifestyle and Prevention of Chronic Diseases
37.2: Intergenerational and Life Course Consequences of Preconception and in utero Health
37.3: Ecological Footprint of Modern Medical Systems
37.4: Intensive Animal Farming and Pollution
37.5: Benefits of Investing in Preventive Science, Education, and Medicine
37.6: Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 38: Current Issues about Health News Stories
38.1: When Clinical Research is in the News
38.2: Health Approaches in the News
38.3: Information Missing from Health Stories
38.4: What’s Missing: Important Details!
38.5: What’s Missing: Information on Side Effects!
38.6: What’s Missing: The Full Story!
38.7: What’s Missing: Humans!
38.8: Conflicting Health News
38.9: Accuracy in the Media
38.10: What the Media Says about Complementary Health Approaches
38.11: Is It Real Online News? Or Just Advertising?
38.12: Checklist for Understanding Health News Stories
38.13: Remember
38.14: Supplementary Information
Chapter 39: Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s in a Name?
39.1: Complementary versus Alternative
39.2: Integrative Health
39.3: Complementary Health Approaches
Chapter 40: Current Issues in Complementary and Integrative Health
40.1: 4 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Eye Conditions
40.2: 5 Things to Know about Omega-3s for Heart Disease
40.3: 6 Tips: How Herbs Can Interact with Medicines
40.4: 7 Tips: What You Need to Know about Natural Products for Musculoskeletal Inflammtion
40.5: 6 Things You Should Know: The Science of Chronic Pain and Complementary Health Practices
40.6: 4 Tips: Mind and Body Practices for Common Aging-Related Conditions
40.7: 6 Things You Need to Know about Cancer and Complementary Health Approaches
40.8: 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Practices for Cognitive Function, Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease
40.9: 4 Tips: Asthma and Complementary Health Practices
40.10: 10 Things to Know about the Science of Health
40.11: 5 Things to Know about Relaxation Techniques for Stress
40.12: 7 Things to Know about Complementary Approaches for Fibromyalgia
40.13: 5 Tips: Natural Products for the Flu and Colds: What Does the Science Say?
40.14: 5 Things You Should Know about Yoga
40.15: 5 Things to Know about Chronic Low-Back Pain and Complementary Health Practices
40.16: 4 Things to Know about Spinal Manipulation for Low-Back Pain
40.17: 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorder
40.18: 4 Tips: Start Talking with Your Health Care Providers about Complementary Health Approaches
40.19: 7 Things to Know about Omega-3 Fatty Acids
40.20: 5 Tips: Natural Products Used for Common Aging-Related Conditions
40.21: 6 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements for Osteoarthritis
40.22: 7 Tips: Know the Facts about Supplements Marketed for Weight Loss
40.23: 5 Things to Know about Sleep Disorders and Complementary Health Approaches
40.24: 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Seasonal Affective Disorder
40.25: 5 Tips: What Consumers Need to Know about Dietary Supplements
40.26: 5 Things to Know about St. John’s Wort and Depression
40.27: 6 Things to Know about Massage Therapy for Health Purposes
40.28: 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for ADHD
40.29: 6 Things to Know about Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Supplements
40.30: 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary Health Approaches for BPH
40.31: 8 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches for Health Problems Facing Military Personnel and Veterans
40.32: 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Tai Chi for Health
40.33: 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Seasonal Allergy Relief
40.34: 7 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Multiple Sclerosis
40.35: 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Anxiety
40.36: 6 Tips: What You Need to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Skin Conditions
40.37: 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease
40.38: 5 Myths about Popular Natural Products Marketed for Disease Prevention and Wellness
40.39: 7 Things to Know about Mind and Body Practices for Children and Teens
40.40: 6 Things to Know about Travel-Related Ailments and Complementary Health Approaches
40.41: 6 Tips: IBS and Complementary Health Practices
40.42: 5 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements for Hepatitis C
40.43: 5 Things to Know about Probiotics
40.44: 5 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
40.45: 4 Things to Know about Menopausal Symptoms and Complementary Health Practices
40.46: 6 Things to Know When Selecting a Complementary Health Practitioner
40.47: 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Popular Herbs
40.48: 8 Things to Know about Meditation for Health
40.49: 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for Quitting Smoking
40.50: 5 Tips: What You Should Know about High Blood Cholesterol
40.51: 8 Things to Know about Depression and Complementary Health Approaches
40.52: 10 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Children and Teens
40.53: 4 Things To Know About Menopausal Symptoms and Complementary Health Practices
40.54: Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth
40.55: Terms Related to Complementary and Integrative Health
Chapter 41: Skin Conditions and Complementary Health Approaches: What the Science Says
41.1: Atopic Dermatitis
41.2: Psoriasis
41.3: Acne
41.4: Impetigo
41.5: Rosacea
Chapter 42: Nutrition and Health across the Lifespan: Guidelines and Recommendations
42.1: Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage
42.2: Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choices to Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, and Budgetary Considerations
42.3: Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs With Nutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within Calorie Limits
42.4: Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars, Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages
42.5: Support Healthy Dietary Patterns for All Americans
Chapter 43: Using Dietary Supplements Wisely
43.1: What’s the Bottom Line?
43.2: What Are Dietary Supplements?
43.3: What Are Herbal Supplements?
43.4: Dietary Supplement Use in the United States
43.5: Federal Regulation of Dietary Supplements
43.6: What the Science Says about the Effectiveness of Dietary Supplements
43.7: What the Science Says about the Safety and Side Effects of Dietary Supplements
43.8: Safety Considerations
Chapter 44: Association of Genetic Liability to Smoking Initiation with e-Cigarette Use in Young Adults: A Cohort Study
44.1: Introduction
44.2: Results
44.3: Discussion
Chapter 45: Current Issues in Vaccine Development
45.1: Vaccine Development: An Introductory Overview
45.2: How Vaccines Work
45.3: Vaccine Development
45.4: Improving Vaccine R&D
45.5: Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine R&D
45.6: Addressing Challenges Related to Vaccine R&D: Policy Options
45.7: Technologies and Approaches That May Enhance Vaccine Testing
45.8: Challenges Related to Vaccine Testing: Policy Options
45.9: Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine Manufacturing
45.10: Challenges Related to Vaccine Manufacturing: Policy Options
45.11: Vaccine Development: Economics and Role of Incentives
45.12: Economic Challenges to Vaccine Development: Policy Option
Chapter 46: Cannabis Products Containing Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8 THC): Increased Availability and Reports of Adverse Events
46.1: Introduction
46.2: Background
46.3: Recommendations for the Public and Consumers
46.4: Recommendations for Public Health Departments and Poison Control Centers, Including Those in Locations Where Laws Only Permit Hemp Marketplaces
46.5: Recommendations for Retailers Selling Cannabis Products
46.6: Recommendations for Healthcare Providers
46.7: For More Information
Chapter 47: Natural Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Safer, or Better
Chapter 48: How Medications and Supplements Can Interact
48.1: Test Your Knowledge: Are These Statements True or False?
48.2: Talk With Your Health Care Providers
48.3: Some Supplements May Increase the Effects—and Side Effects—of Drugs
48.4: Some Supplements May Decrease the Effects of Drugs
48.5: More about St. John’s Wort
48.6: Interactions with Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
48.7: When Drug-Supplement Interactions Are Especially Important
48.8:
Drugs with a Narrow Therapeutic Range
48.9: If You’re Going to Have Surgery
48.10: Tips on Reading Supplement Labels
48.11: Here’s a Hint for Your Next Visit to a Health Care Provider
Chapter 49: Antioxidants: Current Issues and Future Trends
49.1: Introduction
49.2: Key Points
49.3: About Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants
49.4: Use of Antioxidant Supplements in the United States
49.5: Safety
49.6: What the Science Says
49.7: If You Are Considering Antioxidant Supplements
49.8: NCCIH- and NIH-Funded Research
49.9: For More Information
Chapter 50: Hearing Loss and Hearing Aids: Current Issues
50.1: What Is Hearing Loss?
50.2: What Noises Cause Hearing Loss?
50.3: How Does Loud Noise Cause Hearing Loss?
50.4: What Is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?
50.5: How Can I Tell If I Have a Hearing Problem?
50.6: Who Can I Turn to for Help with My Hearing Loss?
50.7: Why Am I Losing My Hearing?
50.8: What Is an Audiogram (Hearing Test)?
50.9: What Treatments and Devices Can Help?
50.10: Hearing Aids: More Details
50.11: What Are Some Features for Hearing Aids?
50.12: Hearing Aids and How They Work
50.13: Are There Different Styles of Hearing Aids?
50.14: Are New Types of Aids Available?
50.15: What Is the Difference between Analog and Digital Hearing Aids?
50.16: Which Hearing Aid Will Work Best for Me?
50.17: How Do I Get a Hearing Evaluation before Getting Hearing Aids?
50.18: What Is the Difference between Prescription and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Hearing Aids?
50.19: Who Are OTC Hearing Aids for?
50.20: What Questions Should I Ask before Buying a Hearing Aid?
50.21: How Can I Adjust to My Hearing Aid?
50.22: How Can I Care for My Hearing Aid?
50.23: Can I Obtain Financial Assistance for a Hearing Aid?
50.24: Hearing Aids vs. Personal Sound Amplification Products
Chapter 51: Bacterial Evolution during Human Infection: Adapt and Live or Adapt and Die
51.1: Introduction
51.2: Conclusions
Chapter 52: Roadblocks in Chagas Disease Care in Endemic and Nonendemic Countries: Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and the United States. The NET-Heart Project
52.1: Introduction
52.2: Methods
52.3: Results
52.4: Discussion
52.5: Conclusions
Chapter 53: Pathogens Infecting the Central Nervous System
Chapter 54: Current Issues in Vaccines
54.1: History of Vaccines
54.2: Common Ingredients in U.S. Licensed Vaccines
54.3: Understanding the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
54.4: Science Summary: CDC Studies on Thimerosal in Vaccines
54.5: Pregnancy and Vaccination
54.6: Understanding Thimerosal, Mercury, and Vaccine Safety
54.7: 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children from Birth through 6 Years Old
54.8: 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children 7–18 Years
54.9:Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years or Older
Chapter 55: What Are Embryonic Stem Cells and How Can They Help Us?
55.1: It All Begins in Fertilization, When the Sperm Meets the Egg
55.2: Cloning
55.3: Therapeutic Cloning
55.4: Reprogramming
55.5: Therapy?
55.6: Addendum by the Series Editor, Dr. Raj Bawa: The Future of Embryonic Stem Cells
Chapter 56: The Rise and Rise of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
56.1: Evolutionary Aspects of Mitochondrial Genetics
56.2: Clonal Expansion of mtDNA Mutations
56.3: Population Dynamics of mtDNA Point Mutations
56.4: Population Dynamics of mtDNA Deletions
56.5: Important Challenges and Unanswered Questions
56.6: Modelling Clonal Expansion
56.7: Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 57: Hallmarks of Cancer—the New Testament
57.1: A Historical Perspective on Cancer
57.2: Hallmarks of Cancer
57.3: New Hallmark 1: Dedifferentiation and Transdifferentiation
57.4: New Hallmark 2: Epigenetic Dysregulation
57.5: New Hallmark 3: Altered Microbiome
57.6: New Hallmark 4: Altered Neuronal Signalling
57.7: Conclusion
Chapter 58: Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
58.1: Introduction
58.2: Adipose Tissue Expansion and Development
58.3: Inflammation
58.4: Location of Lipid Storage
58.5: Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance
58.6: Endocrine Functions within Adipose Tissue
58.7: Emerging Approaches to Combat Adipose Tissue-Derived Metabolic Dysfunction
58.8: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 59: Viral Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Male Reproductive Health
59.1: Introduction
59.2: SARS-CoV-2: History, Origin and Transmission
59.3: Possible Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Invasion into Host Cells and Immune Pattern of Infection
59.4: Effect on the Male Reproductive System
59.5: SARS-CoV-2 and Male Fertility
59.6: Gender-Based Susceptibility
59.7: Conclusion
59.8; Future Perspectives
Chapter 60: Elevated CO2 Modulates Airway Contractility
60.1: Introduction
60.2: Hypercapnia-Induced Bronchoconstriction
60.3: Respiratory Acidosis-Related Bronchodilation
60.4: Effect of Hypocapnia on Airway Contractility
60.5: Conclusion
Index