Advances in Petroleum Source Rock Characterizations: Integrated Methods and Case Studies: A Multidisciplinary Source Rock Approach

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
1 Sedimentary Organic Matter: Origin, Productivity, Preservation, and Role in Source Rock Development
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Origin of Sedimentary Organic Matter
2.1 Organic Matter Compositions
2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
2.2.1 Carbon Cycle
2.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle
2.2.3 Sulfur Cycle
2.2.4 Phosphorus Cycle
2.3 Primary Organic Productivity
2.4 Deposition and Transportation of Organic Matter
2.5 Preservation of Organic Matter
3 Kerogen Formation, Classifications, and Alteration
4 Common Source Rock Depositional Environments
4.1 Terrestrial Environments
4.1.1 Mires
4.1.2 Lacustrine
4.2 Marine Environments
4.2.1 Deltaic Settings
4.2.2 Marine Continental Shelves
4.2.3 Upwelling Zones
4.2.4 Restricted Marine Basins
References
Methods
2 Practical Guide for Petroleum Source Rock Interpretation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Source Rock Sampling
3 Source Rock Characterization Methods
3.1 Thermal Oxidation
3.2 Pyrolysis Methods
3.3 Organic Microscopy
3.4 Molecular Geochemical Methods
3.5 Isotope Geochemistry
3.6 Inorganic Geochemistry
3.7 Palynological Methods
4 Source Rock Interpretation Methods
4.1 Richness, Quality, and Depositional Environments
5 Thermal Maturity
References
3 Maturity Determination of Contaminated Source Rocks by Pyrolysis and Thermal Oxidation Methods: A Review
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Open System Pyrolysis
3 Pitfalls in Pyrolysis Analysis Related to Sample Conditions
4 Remedies for Maturity Determination of Contaminated Samples
4.1 Decontaminating Source Rock Samples Prior to Pyrolysis
4.2 Thermal Oxidation of Contaminated Samples: Oxidation Tmax
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Source Rocks Forward Modelling: Significance and Approach
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Source Rocks Heterogeneities
3 Forward Stratigraphic Modelling
4 Source Rocks Forward Modelling
4.1 Concepts and Approach
4.2 Upwelling Systems
4.3 Riverine Systems and Restricted Versus Open Marine
5 Case Studies
5.1 Case Study 1: Orphan Basin Late Kimmeridgian Early Tithonian Source Rock Assessment
5.2 Case Study 2: Multiscenario Simulation of an Offshore Newfoundland SR
6 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
5 Optical Kerogen Analysis
Abstract
1 Introduction and Background
2 Geochemical Versus Optical Kerogen Analysis
3 Sample Preparation and Analysis
4 Kerogen Composition
4.1 Fluorescence Microscopy
5 Kerogen Preservation
5.1 Primary and Secondary Degradation
5.2 Organic Matter Porosity Development
6 Kerogen Maturation
7 Data Integration and Interpretation
References
6 Effective Source-Rock Evaluation Strategies for the Identification of Profitable Plays in the Permian Basin, USA
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Permian Basin
3 Methodology
4 Application of Best Tactics to Source-Rock Evaluation
4.1 Mapping VR, VRe, and TR
4.2 Understanding Migration Pathways for Conventional Reservoirs
4.3 Mapping Tmax and Production Data
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Case Studies
7 High-Resolution Palynostratigraphy and Palynofacies of the Upper Cretaceous and K/Pg Boundary, SE Sirt Basin, Libya: A Case Study
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geological Setting
3 Stratigraphy
3.1 Basement
3.1.1 Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
Sarir/Nubian Sandstone
3.1.2 Upper Cretaceous
Etel Formation
Rachmat Formation
Tagrifet Formation
Sirte Formation
Kalash Formation
3.1.3 Paleogene
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene-Recent
4 Materials and Processing Procedure
4.1 Demineralisation
5 Palynostratigraphy
6 Palynofacies Analysis
6.1 Particulate Organic Matter Composition
6.1.1 Results and Interpretation
7 Petroleum Source Potential
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8 Viability of the Upper Member of the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation as an Economic Source Rock in the Williston Basin
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geologic Setting
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results
4.1 Contracted Data
4.2 Palynofacies Analysis
5 Discussion
5.1 Pyrolysis Analysis (Prior Work)
5.2 Pyrolysis Analysis (This Study)
5.3 Comparison with the Bakken Formation
5.4 Core Extract Analysis
5.5 Palynofacies Analysis
5.6 Data Integration
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
9 Integration of Palynological and Foraminiferal Analyses Toward Evaluation of the Paleoenvironment and Hydrocarbon Potential in the Orange Basin, SW Africa
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geologic Setting
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Palynology
3.2 Foraminiferal Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Lithology
4.2 Palynomorphs
4.3 Palynofacies Analysis
4.4 Foraminiferal Analysis
5 Discussion
5.1 Age Constraint
5.2 Paleoenvironmental Conditions
5.3 Hydrocarbon Potential
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10 Palynofacies, Organic Petrography, and Source Rock Potential of the Toarcian Quse Formation Oil Shale in the Tibetan Tethys, China
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geological Settings
2.1 Structural Settings
2.2 Stratigraphic Framework
3 Material and Methods
3.1 Elemental Composition, Organic Carbon, and Rock–Eval® Pyrolysis
3.2 Sulfur Analysis
3.3 Organic Petrography
3.4 Palynofacies Preparation of Samples
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Kerogen Quantity and Quality
4.1.1 Geochemical Characterization
4.1.2 Organic Petrography
4.2 Thermal Maturity Assessment
4.3 Palynofacies Analysis
4.4 Depositional Environment
Acknowledgements
References
11 Palynology and Petroleum Source Rock Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Mancos and Gallup Formations, San Juan Basin, New Mexico
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geologic Setting
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results
4.1 Palynofacies Analysis
4.2 Spore and Pollen Coloration
4.3 Pyrolysis Analysis
4.4 X-Ray Diffraction
5 Discussion
5.1 Hydrocarbon Source Potential
5.2 Visual Kerogen Type and Thermal Maturity
5.3 Depositional Paleoenvironment
5.3.1 SJ 28-6 Interpreted Paleoenvironment
5.3.2 Burnham-1 Interpreted Paleoenvironemnt
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Petroleum System Analysis of the Main Paleozoic Source Rocks in Western Iraq: A 1D Basin Modelling Approach
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Paleozoic Petroleum System of Western IRAQ
2.1 Source Rocks
2.2 Reservoirs
2.3 Trap Formation
3 Methods
3.1 Petroleum Systems Modelling
4 Basin Modelling Input Data
4.1 Akkas_1 Well
4.2 Well Khleisia_1
4.3 Well Key Hole 5/1
4.4 Source Rock Kinetics
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Source Rock Maturity
5.1.1 Akkas_1 Well
5.1.2 Khleisia_1 Well
5.1.3 Well Key Hole 5/1
5.2 Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration Interpretation, Accumulation, and Entrapment
5.2.1 Akkas_1 Well
5.2.2 Khleisia_1 Well
5.2.3 Well Key Hole 5/1
5.2.4 Erosion
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13 Source Rock Quality and Continuous Petroleum System in the Ranikot Formation (Kirthar Foldbelt, Pakistan) Based on Principal Organic Geochemistry
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geological Setting
3 Methods
3.1 Wireline Logging
3.2 XRD
3.3 Source Rock Analysis
3.3.1 Programmed Pyrolysis
3.3.2 Organic Matter Assessment by Optical Microscopy
3.4 Generated Gas Volumetric Calculation
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Distribution of Lithofacies and Mineralogy
4.2 Present-Day Generative Potential
4.3 Thermal Maturity
4.4 Kerogen Composition and Transformation Ratio
4.5 Original Generative Potential
4.6 Hydrocarbon Yield Calculation
4.7 Shale Gas Reserves and Risk Assessment
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
14 Characterization of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Black Shale of the Southern Tethys Margin, Egypt
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geologic Setting and Distribution
3 Materials and Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Organic Matter Richness
4.2 Hydrocarbon Potentiality
4.2.1 Organic Matter Quality (Kerogen Type)
4.2.2 Thermal Maturity of Organic Matter
4.3 Bulk Organic Carbon Isotopes
4.3.1 Critical Arguments for Interpreting Fossil δ13Corg. values
4.3.2 Discussion
5 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References