This book provides comprehensive insights into the existing and emerging trends in orchid biology based on the findings of omics, high-throughput technology, biotechnology, molecular breeding, and genome editing approaches in orchids. It illustrates molecular mechanisms of orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis according to the recent achievements of transcriptomics and bioinformatics studies which accelerate the progress of orchid research with the aid of their high-throughput tools. In this book, a comprehensive view of orchid breeding was presented, and it includes fundamental methods as well as advanced strategies through the combination of several technologies such as genetic engineering, omics, computational biology, and genome editing. These resulting knowledge and tools are highly beneficial for obtaining novel and fascinating varieties in the orchid market which is a competitive industry of global trade. Another interesting content is the focus on the production of orchid bioactive compounds and their values in the field of ethnomedicine. Their sources chiefly came from secondary metabolites and can be enriched through elicitors and produced more efficiently by improved tissue culture protocols and bioreactors. In this edited collection, we provided space for presenting an updated review of in vitro seed germination which is a routine technology for well-trained researchers but can give a complete demonstration for the potential audiences including growers and research beginners.
This book collects refined knowledge from a broad source of scientific literature by experts in the field of orchid research and surely is an adequate reference and textbook for students, teachers, and researchers. It includes methods and applications of orchid breeding technology which would gain high attention from growers, breeders, and the related fields of agriculture.
Author(s): Pragya Tiwari, Jen-Tsung Chen
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 292
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Orchid Mycorrhizal Symbiosis from Genetic Information
1 Introduction
2 Methodology of the Genomics and Transcriptomics of Orchids
2.1 Sample Preparation, Sequencing, and Bioinformatics for Orchid Genome Sequencing
2.2 Sample Preparation, Sequencing, and Bioinformatics for Transcriptome Analysis of OM Symbiosis
3 New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of OM Symbiosis
3.1 Orchid Genome Summary
3.2 Nutritional Mode or Nutrition Transport
3.3 Defense System
3.4 Phytohormones
3.5 Common Symbiosis Pathway
4 Prospects for Conserving Wild Orchids
References
Breeding of Orchids Using Conventional and Biotechnological Methods: Advances and Future Prospects
1 Introduction to the Family Orchidaceae and Main Commercial Groups Used in the Flower Market
2 Basis of Reproductive Biology and Its Application in Conventional Orchid Breeding
3 Main Methods Used in Conventional Orchid Breeding
3.1 Creation of Germplasm Banks and Their Relationship with the Objectives of the Breeding Program
3.2 Crosses by Controlled and Directed Pollination
3.3 Asymbiotic Cultivation as the Main Means for Obtaining Progenies
4 Biotechnological Approaches Used for Breeding Orchids
4.1 Induction of In Vitro Somaclonal Variations
4.2 Transgeny
4.3 In Vitro Polyploidization and Self-Duplication of Genomic DNA
4.4 Isolation, Culture, Regeneration, and Fusion of Protoplasts in Orchids
4.5 Production of Haploid and Double-Haploid Plants
5 Orchid Breeding in the Generation of Genome Sequencing and Editing
5.1 The Transient Gene Expression System in Orchids
5.2 CRISPR Gene Editing
References
Biotechnological Interventions and Societal Impacts of Some Medicinal Orchids
1 Introduction
2 In Vitro Propagation
2.1 Seed Germination
2.1.1 Asymbiotic Seed Germination
2.2 Micropropagation of Orchids Via Vegetative Explants Materials
2.2.1 Shoot Tip Culture
2.2.2 Nodal/Internodal Culture
2.2.3 Leaf Culture
2.2.4 Axillary Bud Culture
2.2.5 Pseudobulb Culture
2.2.6 Flower Bud Culture
2.2.7 Root and Rhizome Segment Culture
2.2.8 Thin Cell Layer Culture
2.2.9 Protoplasts Culture
2.3 Root Induction
2.4 Photoperiodic Condition
2.5 Hardening and Acclimatization
3 Ecorestoration
4 Artificial Seed Technology
5 Genetic Stability
6 Ethno-Medicinal Properties
7 Phytochemistry
7.1 Secondary Metabolites
7.1.1 Bioactive Compounds
7.1.2 Biological Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Cytotoxic Activity
8 Economics
9 Conclusion
References
Gene Expression Profiling in Orchid Mycorrhizae to Decipher the Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Fungus Interactions
1 Introduction
2 Transcriptomics to Understand Nutrient Exchanges between Orchids and their Symbionts
3 Transcriptomics to Decipher the Mechanisms Involved in the Establishment of Symbiosis
4 Conclusion
References
Exploring the Potential of In Vitro Cultures as an Aid to the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Orchids
1 Introduction
2 In Vitro Propagation and Production of Secondary Metabolites
3 Elicitation stimulates Secondary Metabolism
3.1 Variable Light Exposure alters Phytochemical Profile
3.2 Chemical Abiotic Elicitors trigger Stress Responses
3.2.1 Methyl jasmonate
3.2.2 Salicylic acid
3.2.3 Cytokinins
3.3 Biotic Elicitors alter Secondary Mechanism as a Defence Mechanism
3.3.1 Fungal elicitors
3.3.2 Chitosan
4 Precursors Feeding in Cultures accentuates Secondary Metabolite Production
5 Bioreactors as Mini Factories for Scale-up
6 Conclusions
References
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Potential, and Biotechnology Strategies for the Conservation of Orchids from th...
1 Introduction
2 Botanical Description of the Species
3 Habitat, Distribution, and Ecology
4 Ethnomedicinal Uses
5 Phytochemicals Isolated and Pharmacological Activities
6 Propagation and Cultivation Effort
7 Future Prospective and Conclusions
References
Diversity and Antimicrobial Potential of Orchidaceae-Associated Fungal Endophytes
1 Orchidaceae-Associated Fungal Endophytes: Introduction and Significance
2 Diversity of Orchidaceae-Associated Fungal Endophytes
3 Antimicrobial Screening of Orchidaceae-Fungal Endophytes
4 Antimicrobial Potential of Orchidaceae-Associated Fungal Endophytes
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Asymbiotic Seed Germination in Terrestrial Orchids: Problems, Progress, and Prospects
1 Introduction
2 Conservational Status of Orchids
3 Terrestrial Orchid
4 The Life Cycle of Terrestrial Orchids
5 Salep and Tuber-Derived Products
6 Seed and Embryo in Terrestrial orchids
7 Symbiosis with Mycorrhizal Fungi
7.1 The Damaging Effect of Phytoalexins
7.2 Destruction of Ecosystems/Natural Habitats
8 Barriers of Seed Germination in Terrestrial orchids
8.1 Seed Testa
8.2 Toxicity of Inorganic Nitrogen Sources
8.3 Seed and Plantlet Dormancy
9 Asymbiotic Seed Germination
9.1 Asymbiotic Seed Germination Stages
10 Organic Supplements and Asymbiotic Seed Germination
10.1 Peptone
10.2 Coconut Water
10.3 Pineapple Juice
10.4 Casein Hydrolysate
10.5 Amino Acid Mixtures
11 Conclusions
References
Progress and Prospect of Orchid Breeding: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 The History of Breeding
3 Botany and Structure of the Flower
4 Pollination
4.1 Capsule Development
4.2 Seed Germination
5 Hybridization
5.1 Artificial Hybridization
6 Breeding Methods
6.1 Crossbreeding
6.2 Ploidy Breeding
6.3 Selection Breeding
6.4 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding (MMAB)
6.5 Transgenic Breeding
6.6 Conventional Breeding
6.7 Breeding Via Mutation
6.8 Hybrid Breeding
6.9 Molecular Breeding
6.10 Gene Transfer Breeding
7 Prospects for Orchid Breeding
References
