Advances in Ophthalmic Optics Technology

PRELIMS.pdf
Acknowledgement
Editor biographies
Davies William de Lima Monteiro
Bruno Lovaglio Cançado Trindade
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 The human eye and refractive correction
2.1 Anatomy
2.1.1 The tear film
2.1.2 The cornea
2.1.3 The anterior chamber
2.1.4 The iris
2.1.5 The crystalline lens
2.1.6 The vitreous
2.1.7 The retina
2.1.8 The optic nerve
2.1.9 The visual pathway
2.2 Physiology
2.2.1 Retinal image formation
2.2.2 Visual field
2.2.3 Cortical processing
2.3 Anatomical dimensions
2.3.1 Corneal curvature
2.3.2 Corneal thickness
2.3.3 Anterior and posterior chamber depths
2.3.4 Crystalline-lens dimensions (thickness and diameter)
2.3.5 Vitreous cavity
2.3.6 Retinal thickness
2.4 Accommodation
2.5 Ametropia
2.5.1 Myopia
2.5.2 Hyperopia
2.5.3 Astigmatism
2.6 Visual corrections
2.6.1 Spectacles
2.6.2 Contact lenses
2.6.3 Laser vision correction—LVC
2.6.4 Phakic lenses
2.6.5 Refractive lens exchange
2.6.6 Other (drops, pinholes, etc)
Chapter highlights
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Optical parameters and charts
3.1 Lens formula and image formation
3.2 Modulation transfer function—MTF
3.2.1 Definition
3.2.2 Importance and uses
3.3 Point spread function—PSF
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Importance and uses
3.4 Depth of focus and depth of field
3.5 MTF through focus
3.6 Aberrations
3.6.1 Definition
3.6.2 Importance
3.7 Visual acuity
Chapter highlights
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Intraocular lenses
4.1 Introduction to IOLs
4.2 Monofocal spherical IOLs
4.3 Monofocal aspheric IOLs
4.3.1 Concept
4.3.2 Indications
4.3.3 limitation
4.4 Toric IOLs
4.4.1 Concept
4.4.2 Importance (prevalence)
4.4.3 Indication
4.4.4 Limitation
4.5 Multifocal IOLs
4.6 EDoFs—extended-depth-of-focus IOL
4.7 Small-aperture technology
4.7.1 Small-aperture optics
4.7.2 Small-aperture IOL
4.7.3 XtraFocus intraocular pinhole
4.7.4 Refracting patients with small-aperture implants
4.7.5 Wrap-up on small-aperture devices
4.8 Accommodative
4.8.1 Concept
4.8.2 Existing technology
4.8.3 Promising future?
Chapter highlights
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Eye models
5.1 ISO eye model
5.2 Liou and Brennan eye model
5.2.1 Background of the eye model development
5.2.2 Structural parameters of the Liou and Brennan eye model
5.2.3 Accuracy to the real eye
5.3 Navarro et al eye model
5.3.1 Background of the eye model development
5.3.2 Structural parameters
5.3.3 Accuracy to the real eye
5.4 Atchison et al eye model
5.4.1 Background of the eye model development
5.4.2 Structural parameters
5.4.3 Accuracy to the real eye
5.5 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 IOL power calculation
6.1 Clinical equipment and tests
6.1.1 Corneal curvature
6.2 Biometric formulas
6.2.1 First generation formulas
6.2.2 Second generation formulas
6.2.3 Third generation formulas
6.2.4 Fourth generation formulas
6.2.5 Fifth generation formulas
6.3 Comparison among the formulas
6.3.1 Establishing universal definitions
6.3.2 Limitations of the formulas
6.4 Artificial intelligence
6.4.1 Definition of artificial intelligence
6.4.2 The use of artificial intelligence in calculating IOL refractive power
6.4.3 Advantages of using AI
6.4.4 Limitations of AI
6.4.5 The future of AI
6.5 Astigmatism
6.5.1 Measuring astigmatism
6.5.2 Magnitude and axis
6.5.3 Surgically induced astigmatism
6.5.4 Incorporating astigmatism when calculating IOLs
6.5.5 Calculating toricity of the intraocular lens
6.5.6 Calculating toricity in patients with a history of refractive surgery
6.6 Assistive methods
6.6.1 Marking
6.6.2 Overlays
6.6.3 Intraoperative aberrometry
6.6.4 Light-adjustable lens
6.6.5 Refractive index shaping (RIS)
Chapter highlights
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Aniseikonia
7.1 Background
7.1.1 Normal stereopsis (binocular depth perception)
7.1.2 Stereoscopic distortions of depth due to aniseikonia
7.2 Causes of aniseikonia
7.2.1 Optically induced aniseikonia
7.2.2 Retinally induced aniseikonia
7.2.3 Higher order neural image processing
7.3 Subjective evaluation of aniseikonia
7.3.1 Stereoscopic assessment of aniseikonia
7.3.2 Direct comparison techniques
7.4 Optical principles of aniseikonia and treatment
7.4.1 Spectacle magnification
7.4.2 Prismatic effects due to correction of anisometropia
7.4.3 Prediction of aniseikonia based on measurement of the optical elements of the eye
7.4.4 Treatment
7.5 Future consideration in aniseikonia
7.5.1 Assessment
7.5.2 Treatment
7.6 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Intraocular and contact lens manufacturing
8.1 Design parameters
8.1.1 Materials
8.1.2 IOL design
8.1.3 Geometric parameters of contact lenses
8.1.4 Manufacturing processes
8.2 Machining process
8.2.1 High-precision machining
8.2.2 Polishing and cleaning process
8.3 Molding process
8.3.1 Mold
8.3.2 Molding
8.3.3 Main defects
8.4 Quality control and packaging
8.4.1 Standards and tests
8.4.2 Geometrical analysis
8.4.3 Optical analysis
8.4.4 Microscopic analysis
8.4.5 Sterilization process
8.4.6 Packaging
8.5 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Optimization deployed to lens design
9.1 Basics of optimization
9.1.1 Statement of an optimization problem
9.1.2 Statement of a multiobjective optimization problem
9.1.3 Classification of optimization problems
9.1.4 Optimization techniques
9.2 Optimization of lens design
9.2.1 Pre-optimization phase
9.2.2 Optimization phase
9.2.3 Post-optimization phase
9.2.4 Tolerance analysis
9.3 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Design of diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses
10.1 Multifocal diffractive lens parameters and design
10.2 State-of-the-art of diffractive multifocal IOLs
10.3 Diffractive multifocal lens modulated by a mathematical function
10.3.1 Diffractive multifocal lens modulated by the modulus of a shifted cosine function
10.3.2 Optical design optimization process and solution selection
10.3.3 Design parameters and optical performance of selected solution
10.4 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Intraocular lens with sinusoidal patterns: design assisted by a classification algorithm
11.1 Lens design
11.2 Classification algorithm
11.3 Merit functions
11.3.1 3D bar chart
11.3.2 Image simulations
11.3.3 Preclinical visual acuity-defocus curve
11.4 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Eye-Fi and electronically equipped lenses
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Smart contact lenses
12.2.1 Vision correction
12.2.2 Biomedical diagnosis
12.2.3 Augmented reality
12.3 Current developments in smart contact lenses
12.3.1 Thin-film technology and hybrid integration
12.3.2 Power transfer through radio frequency (RF)
12.3.3 Artificial iris with liquid crystals
12.4 Eye-Fi: smart intraocular lens
12.4.1 The potential in healthcare
12.4.2 The Eye-Fi concept
12.4.3 Preliminary Eye-Fi developments
12.5 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Mechanically adjustable lenses
13.1 Adjustable lenses for vision
13.2 A glimpse of accommodative IOL technologies
13.2.1 Single-optic AIOLs
13.2.2 Dual-optic AIOLs
13.2.3 Deformable and electronic lenses
13.3 Dual-optic design and accommodation amplitude
13.4 Dual-optic MEMS IOL
13.4.1 Electroactive polymers (EAPs)
13.4.2 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
13.4.3 Shape memory alloys (SMAs)
13.4.4 Design of the dual-optic MEMS structure
13.4.5 Fabrication of the dual-optic MEMS structure
13.4.6 Results and future challenges of the dual-optic MEMS structure
13.5 Summary
Chapter highlights
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Intraocular optical spectroscopy: a proposal for Alzheimer’s disease early diagnosis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamental aspects of retinal spectroscopy
14.2.1 Light–matter interaction and Raman spectroscopy
14.2.2 Raman spectroscopy application in biomedicine
14.2.3 General aspects of intraocular spectroscopy
14.3 Technical aspects of retinal spectroscopy
14.3.1 Instrumentation for intraocular spectroscopy
14.3.2 Biochemistry of Alzheimer’s disease
14.3.3 Raman spectra of amyloid plaques
14.3.4 Proof of concept for intraocular spectroscopy
14.4 The intraocular spectroscopy as a platform
14.4.1 Cornea, lens, anterior chamber, and vitreous body
14.4.2 Retinal and neurodegenerative diseases
14.5 Summary and perspectives
Chapter highlights
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Predicting cataracts through automatic image analysis and classification
15.1 An introduction to cataracts—eye-lens physiology and opacification
15.2 Cataract detection clinical review
15.3 Digital medical image and processing
15.3.1 Introduction to medical imaging and processing
15.3.2 Digital image
15.3.3 Histogram
15.3.4 Dynamic range
15.3.5 Signal-to-noise ratio
15.3.6 Histogram stretch
15.3.7 General pipeline of image processing
15.4 Automatic cataract detection review
15.4.1 Retro illuminated images
15.4.2 Direct illuminated images
15.4.3 Eye fundus images
15.4.4 Classification of other eye diseases
15.4.5 Analysis of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods for eye diseases
15.4.6 Summary of methods for automatic cataract detection
15.5 Detection and classification of cataracts in infrared retro illuminated image
15.5.1 Color to grayscale conversion
15.5.2 Pupil segmentation
15.5.3 Feature extraction
15.5.4 Classification
15.6 Summary
Chapter highlights
References