Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation

Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1 Bioremediation of Soil: An Overview
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Principles of Bioremediation
1.3 Sources of Soil Contaminants
1.3.1 Biological Contaminants
1.3.2 Organic Contaminants
1.3.3 Inorganic Contaminants
1.4 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
1.4.1 Biological Factors
1.4.2 Environmental Factors
1.4.3 Availability of Nutrients
1.4.4 Temperature
1.4.5 Concentration of Oxygen
1.4.6 Moisture Content
1.4.7 PH
1.4.8 Site Characterization and Selection
1.4.9 Metal Ions
1.4.9.1 Toxic Compounds
1.5 Bioremediation Strategies
1.5.1 Ex situ Bioremediation
1.5.1.1 Biopiling
1.5.1.2 Landfarming
1.5.1.3 Bioreactors
1.5.1.4 Biofilters
1.5.2 In Situ Bioremediation
1.5.2.1 Intrinsic in Situ Bioremediation
1.5.2.2 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation
1.6 Advantages of Bioremediation
1.7 Disadvantages of Bioremediation
1.8 Phytoremediation
1.8.1 Phytoextraction
1.8.2 Phytodegradation or Rhizodegradation
1.8.3 Phytostabilization
1.8.4 Phytotransformation
1.8.5 Rhizofiltration
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Current Soil Bioremediation Technologies: An Assessment
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Soil Pollutants, Their Sources and Toxicity Effects
2.3 Bioremediation: Technique and Affecting Environmental Factors
2.4 Classification of Bioremediation
2.4.1 In Situ Bioremediation
2.4.1.1 Bioventing
2.4.1.2 Bioslurping
2.4.1.3 Biosparging
2.4.1.4 Phytoremediation
2.4.1.5 Ex situ Bioremediation
2.4.1.6 Biopile and Windrows
2.4.1.7 Bioreactors
2.4.1.8 Landfarming
2.5 Future Prospects
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals: Techniques and Strategies
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Existence of HMs in Agroecosystems
3.2.1 Natural Sources
3.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
3.3 Phytoremediation Strategies for Heavy Metal Remediation
3.3.1 Ideal Plants for Phytoremediation
3.3.2 Traditional or Conventional Techniques
3.3.2.1 Phytostabilization
3.3.2.2 Phytovolatilization
3.3.2.3 Phytoextraction
3.3.2.4 Phytomining
3.3.3 Modified Techniques for Phytoremediation of HMs
3.3.3.1 Limitations of Conventional Phytoremediation Technique
3.3.3.2 Chemical Assisted Phytoremediation with Non–hyperaccumulator Plants
3.3.3.3 Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation
3.3.3.4 Biochar Assisted Method of Phytoremediation
3.3.3.5 Phytoremediation Assisted by Microbial Community
3.4 Rhizoremediation
3.5 Phytodegradation
3.6 Benefits and Limitations of Phytoremediation
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Bioremediation of Polluted Aquatic Ecosystems Using Macrophytes
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Macrophytes
4.3 Phytoremediation Through Macrophytes
4.3.1 Textile Industry Dyes
4.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
4.3.3 Nitrate and Phosphorus
4.3.4 Heavy Metals
4.3.4.1 Chromium
4.3.4.2 Cadmium
4.3.4.3 Lead (Pb)
4.3.4.4 Uranium (U)
4.3.4.5 Arsenic (As)
4.3.5 Pharmaceuticals
4.3.6 Pesticides
4.3.7 Phenols
4.3.8 Sewage
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Bioremediation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Plant-Based Strategies
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Soil salinity—A Threat to Biodiversity of Earth
5.3 Soil Salinity and Plants: Effects of Saline Contamination and Response
5.4 Salt Elimination from Soil
5.5 Cultivating Suitable Plant Species
5.5.1 Enhanced Calcium Levels in Soil Solution
5.5.2 Exploiting Plant Roots’ Potential to Enhance Dissolution
5.5.3 Sodium Removal Through Soil-Cation Exchanger
5.5.4 Remove Salt by Natural Leaching
5.5.5 Plants-Microbe Association Mediated Remediation
5.6 Improvement in Soil Fertility
5.7 Selection of Plants for Phytoremediation
5.8 Advantages of Using Phytoremediation for Saline Soil Amendments
5.9 Limitations of Using Phytoremediation for Saline Soil Amendments
5.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
6 Bioremediation of Waste Dumping Sites
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 How Waste is Produced?
6.3 Importance of Waste Dumping Sites
6.4 Waste Remediation Strategies
6.5 Health Issues Associated with Waste Treatment
6.6 Categorization of Waste Materials
6.7 Municipal Waste—Segregation
6.7.1 Recyclable Dry Waste
6.7.2 Organic Fraction
6.7.3 Inert Debris
6.7.4 Hazardous Wastes
6.8 Bioremediation
6.9 Bioremediation Principles
6.10 Different Factors Affecting the Bioremediation Process at the Waste Dumping Sites
6.10.1 Environmental Factors
6.10.1.1 Nutrients
6.10.1.2 Environmental Requirements
6.10.2 Microbial Factors
6.10.2.1 Aerobic
6.10.2.2 Anaerobic
6.11 Types of Bioremediation Strategies at the Waste Dumping Sites
6.11.1 Composting
6.11.2 Bioventing
6.11.3 Biosparging
6.11.4 Bioreactors
6.12 Municipal Solid Waste—Operation Methods
6.12.1 Waste Generation
6.12.2 Waste Handling, Generation, Storage, and Processing at the Source
6.12.3 Collection
6.12.4 Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Wastes
6.12.5 Transfer and Transport
6.12.6 Disposal
6.13 Techniques Adopted for the Bioremediation of Different Types of Wastes
6.13.1 Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons
6.13.2 Bioremediation of Plastics
6.13.3 Bioremediation of Food Wastes
6.14 Scope of the Bioremediation Process at the Waste Dumping Sites
References
7 Plant-Based Bioadsorbents: An Eco-friendly Option for Decontamination of Heavy Metals from Soil
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Causes for Heavy Metal Contamination
7.3 Status of Heavy Metal Toxification in India
7.4 Technologies Employed to Decontaminate Heavy Metals
7.5 Mechanisms of Biosorption Process
7.5.1 Complexation
7.5.2 Chelation
7.5.3 Coordination
7.5.4 Ion Exchange
7.5.5 Precipitation
7.5.6 Reduction
7.6 Factors Affecting Bioadsorption
7.6.1 Effect of pH
7.6.2 Effect of Temperature
7.6.3 Effect of Contact Time
7.6.4 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration
7.6.5 Effect of Adsorbent Quantity
7.7 Low-cost Effective Technologies Using Plant-based Bioadsorbents to Decontaminate Heavy Metals
7.8 Conclusion
References
8 Aquatic Plants in Phytoextraction of Hexavalent Chromium and Other Metals from Electroplating Effluents
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hexavalent Chromium and Soil Contamination
8.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents
8.4 Aquatic Plants in Phytoremediation
8.4.1 Types of Aquatic Plants and Their Role in Heavy Metal Remediation
8.4.1.1 Free-Floating Plants
8.4.1.2 Submerged Aquatic Plants
8.4.1.3 Emergent Aquatic Plants
8.5 Constructed Wetlands-Aquatic Plants
8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
9 Phytoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Areas
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modus Operandi of Remediation Types and PAH
9.2.1 Remediation and Its Types
9.3 Phytoremediation and Its Techniques
9.3.1 Phytoextraction
9.3.2 Phytostabilization
9.3.3 Rhizofiltration
9.3.4 Phytovolatilization
9.3.5 Phytodegradation
9.4 Environmental Prevalence of PAH
9.4.1 Ecotoxic Effects of PAH and Their Subsidiaries-PAH Toxicity
9.4.2 Health Hazards Induced by PAH—Acute and Chronic Terms
9.4.3 Genotoxicity and Teratogenicity of PAHs
9.5 Potential Possibilities of Phytoremediation of PAHs
9.5.1 Ecopiling
9.5.2 Methodologies for PAHs Estimation
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Future Perspectives
References
10 Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Petroleum Pollutants: Nemesis and Composition
10.3 Analysis of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils
10.4 Treatment Methods
10.4.1 Physico-Chemical Remediation
10.4.2 Biological Remediation
10.5 Factors Influencing Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Bioremediation
10.5.1 Temperature
10.5.2 Nutrients
10.5.3 Bioavailability and Biosurfactants
10.5.3.1 Bioavailability
10.5.3.2 Biosurfactants
10.5.3.3 Oxygen Content and Movement
10.5.3.4 Ecological Toxicity
10.6 Petroleum Bioremediation Using Microorganism and Mechanism
10.6.1 Bacteria and Archaea
10.6.1.1 Mechanism of Action
10.6.2 Fungi
10.6.2.1 Mechanism of Action
10.6.3 Microalgae
10.6.3.1 Mechanism of Action
10.7 Limitation of Bioremediation
10.8 Recent Advances and Rising Technologies
10.9 Conclusion
References
11 Phytoremediation of Radioactive Contaminated Sites
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sources of Radioactive Substances
11.3 Major Radioactive Substances
11.4 Exposure Pathway of Radioactive Substances
11.5 Impact of Radioactive Substances on Ecosystem
11.6 Remediation Techniques
11.6.1 Phytoremediation
11.6.1.1 Plants Used for the Phytoremediation of Radioactive Substances
11.6.1.2 Mechanism of Radioactive Substances Uptake in Plants
11.7 Conclusions
References
12 Willows: Cost-Effective Tools for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Distribution of Salix Species Around the World
12.3 Economic Importance of Willows
12.4 Bioremediation
12.5 Phytoremediation
12.6 Salix: A Potential Candidate for Bioremediation
12.7 Salix Root and Soil Microorganisms
12.8 Physiological Response of Willows to Contaminants
12.9 Salix in Remediation of Sewage Sludge and Leachate
12.10 Salix and Organic Pollutants
12.11 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Salix Species
12.12 Limitations in Using Salix for Bioremediation
12.13 Conclusion
References
13 Bioremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soil
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources of Arsenic
13.2.1 Natural Source of Arsenic
13.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Arsenic
13.2.3 Arsenic in the Food Chain
13.3 Bioremediation of Arsenic
13.4 Phytoremediation of Arsenic
13.5 Mycoremediation
13.6 Phycoremediation
13.7 Phytobial Remediation
13.8 Metagenomics and Bioremediation of Arsenic
13.9 Conclusion
References
14 Bioremediation and Detoxification of Asbestos from Soil
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Asbestos Toxicity
14.2.1 Mechanism of Toxicity
14.3 Risks with Asbestos: Environmental and Health Risks
14.3.1 Environmental Risks
14.3.2 Health Risks
14.4 Asbestos Cleaning Strategies
14.4.1 Physical Methods of Remediation
14.4.2 Chemical Treatment of Asbestos
14.4.3 Bioremediation of Asbestos
14.4.4 Phytoremediation of Asbestos
14.5 Substitution of Asbestos
14.6 Laws and Regulations for Usage of Asbestos
14.7 Conclusion
14.8 Future Prospects
References
15 Chromium Contamination in Soil and Its Bioremediation: An Overview
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.3 General Chemistry of Chromium
15.4 Chromium in Environment
15.5 Speciation of Chromium in Soil
15.5.1 Impact of Soil pH on Chromium Speciation
15.5.2 Impact of Soil Eh or Redox Potential on Chromium Speciation
15.5.3 Impact of Soil Organic Content on Chromium Speciation
15.5.4 Impact of Soil Microbial Diversity on Chromium Speciation
15.6 Biological Importance of Chromium
15.7 Toxicity of Chromium
15.7.1 Toxicity in Plants
15.7.2 Toxicity to Animals
15.7.3 Toxicity to Humans
15.8 Bioremediation of Chromium
15.8.1 Microbial Remediation of Chromium
15.8.1.1 Use of Bacteria and Algae in Chromium Remediation
Biosorption
Bioaccumulation
Biotransformation
Bioprecipitation
Bioaugmentation
Biostimulation
15.8.1.2 Use of Fungi in Chromium Remediation
Phytoremediation
Phytoextraction
Phytovolatilization
Rhizofiltration
Phytodetoxification
Phytostabilization
15.9 Future Scope of Research
15.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
16 Heavy Metal Detection in Soil and Its Treatment (Bioremediation) with Nanomaterials
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Detection Techniques
16.3 Nanoparticles and Their Phenomenal Properties
16.4 Nanomaterials: A Remedy
16.5 Why Nanomaterials?
16.6 Bio-nanocomposites
16.7 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanomaterials
16.7.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
16.7.1.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.2 Silica-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.3 Zerovalent Metal-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.5 Nanocomposites
16.7.5.1 Inorganic-Supported Nanocomposites
16.7.5.2 Organic Polymer-Supported Nanocomposites
16.7.5.3 Magnetic Nanocomposites
16.8 Conclusion and Futuristic Trends
References
17 Microplastics and Synthetic Polymers in Agricultural Soils: Biodegradation, Analytical Methods and Their Impact on Environment
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biodegradation and Plastic Biodegradability
17.2.1 Biodegradation
17.2.2 Plastic Biodegradability
17.3 MPs and SPs
17.3.1 Precise Classification of MPs and SPs
17.3.2 Emission Sources of MPs in Soils
17.4 Exposure Routes of MPs and SPs in Soil
17.5 Biodegradation of MPs and SPs
17.6 Analytical Methods of MPs and SPs in Soils
17.7 Effect of MPs on the Soil Properties, Soil Biota and Plants
17.8 Techniques for Determining the Biodegradability of Polymers
17.9 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Plastics
17.10 Strategies to Resolve the Question of MPs
17.11 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Challenges
17.12 Conclusion
References
18 Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Contaminated Soil: A Green Approach
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Tannery Industrial Process for Leather Production
18.3 Sources of Soil Contamination from Tannery Effluents
18.4 Effects of Chromium from Tannery Effluents
18.4.1 Effects on Ecosystem
18.4.2 Effects on Plant Growth
18.4.3 Effects on Health of Humans and Animals
18.5 Methods to Remove Chromium
18.5.1 Phytoremediation Mechanism of Chromium
18.5.2 Micro-organisms for the Reduction of Chromium
18.5.2.1 Chromium Reduction by Algae
18.6 Chromium and Other Heavy Metal Reduction by Plants
18.6.1 Various Plant Species Used for the Biodegradation of Tannery Effluents
18.6.1.1 Metallophytes
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19 Production of Safer Vegetables from Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils: The Current Situation, Concerns Associated with Human Health and Novel Management Strategies
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Soil Pollution with HMs
19.3 Factors Influencing the Mobility and HMs Accumulation in Vegetables
19.3.1 Factors Associated with Vegetables
19.4 Accumulation of HMs in Vegetables
19.5 Toxic Effects of HMs on Vegetables After Their Accumulation
19.6 Human Health After the Exposure to HMs Through the Intake of Contaminated Vegetables
19.7 Prediction of Health Risks Associated with Contaminated Vegetables Through Different Models
19.7.1 Risk Evaluation Theory
19.7.2 Estimating the Daily HMs Intake
19.7.3 Hazard Quotients
19.7.4 Health Risk Index
19.7.5 Carcinogenic Risk
19.8 Management of HMs Contaminated Soils for Safer Vegetable Production
19.8.1 Phytoremediation
19.8.2 Immobilization
19.8.3 Water Management Strategies
19.8.4 Soil Applications of Different Microbial Inocula
19.9 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
20 Importance of Vermicomposting and Vermiremediation Technology in the Current Era
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Composting Technology
20.1.2 Vermicomposting and Its Significance
20.1.3 Concept of Vermiremediation
20.2 Vermicomposting
20.2.1 Composition
20.2.2 Vermicultures
20.2.3 Steps Involved
20.2.4 Types of Vermicomposting Systems
20.2.5 Factors Affecting the Vermicomposting Systems
20.2.5.1 Temperature
20.2.5.2 pH
20.2.5.3 Moisture
20.2.5.4 Feed
20.2.5.5 Density
20.2.5.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio
20.2.5.7 Growth and Reproduction Rate
20.2.6 Vermicast, Vermiwash, Vermicomposting Leachate and Vermicompost Tea
20.2.7 Applications
20.2.7.1 Biofertilizers
20.2.7.2 Biogas Production
20.2.7.3 Industrial Waste Treatment
20.2.7.4 Solid Waste Management
20.2.7.5 Terrestrial Weed Management
20.2.7.6 Biological Inactivation of Pathogens and Parasites in Organic Wastes
20.3 Vermiremediation
20.3.1 Process and Mechanisms Involved
20.3.1.1 Nutritional and Dermal Uptake
20.3.1.2 Vermiaccumulation
20.3.1.3 Biotransformation and Vermitransformation
20.3.1.4 Biodegradation and Vermidegradation
20.3.2 Remediation of Organic Pollutants
20.3.3 Remediation of Heavy Metals
20.3.4 Fly Ash Remediation
20.3.5 Advantages and Limitations
20.4 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
21 Biological Indicators of Soil Health and Biomonitoring
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Conventional Approaches for Measuring Soil Pollution
21.3 Soil Pollution and Its Threat for Biodiversity and Food Security
21.4 Potentially Toxic Elements and Pollutants of Soil Ecosystem
21.5 Soil Ecosystem and Diversity of Its Resident Organisms
21.5.1 Sentinel Species
21.5.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates
21.5.3 Higher Plants
21.5.4 Special Case of Earthworms: Their Role in Bioremediation and Putative Application as Biomarker
21.5.4.1 Epigeic Earthworms
21.5.4.2 Endogeic Earthworms
21.5.4.3 Anecic Earthworms
21.6 The Concept of Bioindicators
21.7 Biomarkers for Assessment of Soil Pollution
21.7.1 Biomarker Selection for Effective Assessment of Soil Pollution
21.7.2 Classification of Biomarkers
21.7.2.1 Morphological Biomarkers
21.7.2.2 Molecular Biomarkers
21.7.2.3 Alteration in DNA: Genotoxicity Biomarkers
21.7.2.4 Histological and Cytological Biomarkers
21.7.2.5 Behavioral Biomarkers
21.7.2.6 Omics Biomarkers
21.8 Biomarkers for Assessing Soil Pollution, Future Directions, and Limitations
21.9 Conclusion
References
22 Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Validating Bioremediation
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 High-Throughput Techniques for Characterisation of Contaminated Sites
22.2.1 Fingerprinting Technique
22.2.1.1 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)/Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE)
22.2.1.2 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP)
22.2.1.3 Length Heterogeneity Analysis by PCR (LH-PCR)
22.2.1.4 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
22.2.1.5 Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
22.2.1.6 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA)
22.2.2 Real-Time PCR
22.2.3 DNA Microarrays
22.2.4 Metagenomics
22.2.4.1 Concept of Metagenomics
22.2.4.2 Metatranscriptomics
22.2.4.3 Metaproteomics
22.2.4.4 Metabolomics
22.2.4.5 Fluxomics
22.2.4.6 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies
22.2.4.7 Workflow for Metagenomics
22.2.4.8 Applications of Metagenomics in Bioremediation
22.3 Applications of Molecular Tools in the Contaminated Sites for Characterisation of Microbial Community
22.4 Conclusion
References
23 Bioindication and Biomarker Responses of Earthworms: A Tool for Soil Pollution Assessment
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biological System and Pollution Biomarkers
23.2.1 Exposure
23.2.2 Histological
23.2.3 Stress
23.2.4 Genotoxicity
23.3 Effects of Soil Pollutants on Earthworms
23.4 Pollutant-Induced Biomarker Responses in Earthworm
23.4.1 Methiocarb
23.4.2 Imidacloprid
23.4.3 Pesticides
23.4.4 Polystyrene Microplastics
23.4.5 Antibiotics
23.4.6 Thifluzamide
23.4.7 Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Heavy Metals
23.4.8 Sunfentrazone
23.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
24 Electrokinetic-Assisted Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for the Treatment of Polluted Soil
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Soil Pollutants and Pollution
24.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants
24.2.2 Organic Contaminants
24.3 Need for Remediation of Soil Pollutants
24.4 Electrokinetic Assisted Remediation (EKR)
24.4.1 Electrokinetic Assisted Bioremediation (EKBR)
24.4.2 Electrokinetic Assisted Phytoremediation (EKPR)
24.5 Source of Energy for Electrokinetic Remediation
24.6 Electrokinetic Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
24.7 Electrokinetic Removal of Organic Pollutants
24.8 Electrokinetic Removal of Co-contamination
24.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
25 Monitoring Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Remote Sensing
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Conventional Techniques of Phytoremediation Monitoring
25.3 Potential of Remote Sensing for Phytoremediation Monitoring
25.4 Proximal RS for Studying Metal Contamination in Soil
25.5 Monitoring Metal Uptake by Plants During Phytoremediation Using RS
25.6 Plant Species Discrimination by RS
25.7 Metal-Induced Stress Monitoring Using RS Derived Vegetation Indices
25.8 Phytoremediation Monitoring Using Airborne RS
25.9 Phytoremediation Monitoring Using Satellite-Borne or Space-Borne RS
25.10 Future Prospects
25.11 Conclusion
References
26 Application of Artificial Intelligence to Detect and Recover Contaminated Soil: An Overview
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Industrial Release of Pollutants and Their Toxicity Management with Advancement of ANN Technology
26.3 Advanced Computing Technology Like ANN
26.4 Self-organizing Mapping Technique (SOM) Application
26.5 Development of ANN with Supervised Learning
26.6 Bioremediation with ANN Paradigm
26.7 Architecture of Artificial Neural Network in Detection and Prediction of Phytotoxicity
26.8 ANN Model Structure for Predicting Environmental Soil Properties
26.9 Conclusion
References
27 Will Climate Change Alter the Efficiency of Bioremediation?
Abstract
27.1 Bioremediation: An Eco-Friendly Tool for a Sustainable Ecosystem
27.2 Approaches to Enhance Bioremediation
27.2.1 Chemotaxis
27.2.2 Biofilm or Biosurfactants
27.2.3 Biostimulation
27.2.4 Bioaugmentation
27.2.5 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
27.3 Effects of Climate Change on Bioremediation Efficiency
27.3.1 Temperature
27.3.2 Soil pH
27.3.3 Soil Water
27.4 Effects of Ocean Carbon Sequestration on Bioremediation
27.5 Conclusion
References
28 Correction to: Production of Safer Vegetables from Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils: The Current Situation, Concerns Associated with Human Health and Novel Management Strategies
Index