Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry explains analytical chemistry in an accessible manner for students. The book provides basic and practical knowledge that helps the learner to understand the methods used in conducting experiments. Readers will understand the key concepts of qualitative and quantitative analysis through easy-to-read chapters written for chemistry students.
Volume 1 covers the topic of volumetric analysis in detail. Topic-wise chapters introduce the reader to volumetric titrations and then explain the range of titration techniques which include aqueous acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, redox titration, complexometric titration and some miscellaneous methods like diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl’s method and the oxygen flask combustion method.
The combination of basic and advanced methods makes this an ideal textbook for chemistry students at graduate and undergraduate levels as well as an ideal handbook for the laboratory instructor.
Author(s): Anju Goyal, Harish Kumar
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 147
City: Sharjah
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
Sapna Kumari1,*, Anju Goyal1, Madhukar Garg1 and Harish Verma2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUMETRIC TITRATIONS
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Volumetric Analysis
WHAT IS TITRATION?
Simple Titrations
Types of Volumetric Titrations
Acid-Base Titrations
Redox Titrations
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Steps Involved in Titrimetric Analysis
Primary Standard Solution
Methods of Expressing Concentrations in Volumetric Analysis
Calculation of Equivalent Weights
Equivalent Weight in Neutralization Reactions
Equivalent Weight in Oxidation -reduction Reactions
Equivalent Weight of Complex Formation and Precipitation Reactions
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Volumetric Analysis
Nidhi Garg1,*, Anju Goyal1 and Payal Das1
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF VOLUMETRIC TITRATIONS
Acid-Base Titration
Redox Titrations
Permanganate Titrations
Dichromate Titrations
Iodometric and Iodometric Titrations
Precipitation Titrations
Complexometric Titrations
PROCEDURE FOR VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
IMPORTANCE OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations
Astha Sharma1,*, Monika Gupta2 and Anju Goyal3
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Arrhenius Concept
Bronsted-Lowry
Lewis Acids
Law of Mass Action
Ion Product Constant of Water
COMMON ION EFFECT
ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
INDICATOR
Neutralisation Indicator
Ostwald Theory
Mixed Indicators
Universal Indicator
NEUTRALISATION CURVES
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base
Titration of a Weak Base with a Weak Acid
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Non-Aqueous Titrations
Sunaina Aggarwal1,*, Upasna Kaushik1 and Shivani Sharma1
INTRODUCTION
SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SOLVENT
SOLVENTS EMPLOYED IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATION
Glacial Acetic Acid
Acetonitrile
Alcohols
Dioxane
Dimethylformamide
INDICATORS IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
Crystal Violet
1-Naphtholbenzein
Nile Blue A
Oracet Blue B
Quinaldine Red
Thymol Blue
Azovoilet
ALKALIMETRY
ESTIMATION OF ACIDS
ASSAY OF ETHOSUXIMIDE
ASSAY OF CHLORTHALIDONE
ACIDIMETRY
ESTIMATION OF AMINES AND AMINE SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS
ASSAY OF METHYLDOPA
ASSAY OF NITRAZEPAM
ESTIMATION OF HALOGEN ACID SALTS OF BASES
Assay of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride
ADVANTAGES OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
LIMITATIONS OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Redox Titrations
Sapna Kumari1,*, Anju Goyal1 and Madhukar Garg1
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF REDOX TITRATION METHOD
Principle and Theory
OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
Oxidizing Agents
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
K2Cr2O7 (Potassium Dichromate)
Iodine Solution
Potassium Iodate
Bromate-bromide Mixture
REDUCING AGENTS
EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
OXIDATION NUMBER (O.N.)
Rules of Assigning Oxidation Number
PRIMARY STANDARD
FACTORS AFFECTING REDOX TITRATIONS
Redox Indicators
Types of Redox Indicators
TYPES OF REDOX TITRATIONS
1. Based on the Titrant Used
Permanganate Titration
Dichromate Titration
Iodine Titration
Based on the Method
Direct Titration
Back Titration
REDOX TITRATION CURVE
Calculating Titration Curve
Determining End Point
Use of Visual Indicator
Use of Potentiometric Method
Applications of the Redox Titrations
Use of Redox Titrimetry in the Inorganic Analysis
Use of Redox Titrations in Organic Analysis
Quantification of Lithium
Conclusion
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Complexometric Titrations
Anju Goyal1, Ramninder Kaur1,*, Sandeep Arora1 and Komalpreet Kaur2
INTRODUCTION
COMPLEXATION
CHELATE
LIGANDS
Classification of Ligands
Monodentate Ligand
Bidentate and Multidentate Ligands
CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BONDS OR DATIVE BONDS
COVALENT BOND
WERNER’S COORDINATE NUMBER (WCN)
STABILITY CONSTANT
STABILITY
TYPES OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
TYPES OF TITRATIONS:
MASKING AND DEMASKING AGENTS
Masking Agents
Need
Examples of Masking Agents
Demasking Agents
METAL ION INDICATORS USED IN COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
COMMON EXAMPLES
Mordant Black-II
MUREXIDE (AMMONIUM PURPURATE)
XYLENOL ORANGE (LEMON TO YELLOW)
SOLOCHROME DARK BLUE OR MORDANT BLACK-17 OR CALCON
ALIZARIN FLUORINE COMPLEX OR ALIZARINE FLUORINE BLUE OR ALIZARINE COMPLEX ONE
ASSAY OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF 0.05M EDTA SOLUTION
STANDARDISATION
ASSAY OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE GEL
ASSAY OF CALCIUM GLUCONATE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Diazotization Method
Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3
INTRODUCTION
Principle
Theory
End Point Detection
Preparation and Standardization of the Sodium Nitrite Solution
Factors Affecting the Diazotization
DIAZOTIZATION TITRATIONS METHODS
1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method
3. Other Method
Procedure
Applications
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Kjeldahl Method
Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3
INTRODUCTION
Principles
Digestion
Neutralization
Titration
Procedure
Step One: Digestion of the Sample
Digestion is Accomplished by
Step Two: Distillation
Step Three: Titration
Applications
Recent Developments
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Oxygen Flask Combustion Method
Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3
INTRODUCTION
Apparatus
Preparation of Test Solution and Blank Solution
Preparation of Sample
Method of Combustion
Procedure of Determination
Chlorine and Bromine
2. Iodine
3. Fluorine
4. Sulfur
Applications
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Precipitation Titration
Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3
INTRODUCTION
Precipitation Titration Example
PRINCIPLE OF PRECIPITATION
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SOLUBILITY OF PRECIPITATE
a) Effect of Temperature
b) Effect of Solvent
c) Effect of Corrosive
d) Formation of Complex Particles
METHODS FOR PRECIPITATION TITRATION
Mohr's Method
Precautions
Limitations
Preparation of 0.1 M Silver Nitrate
Volhard Method: Jacob Volhard (1834-1910)
Fajan's Strategy: Karl Kazimierz Fajan (1887-1975)
LIMITS OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION
HOW TO CONQUER THE ISSUES OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
