Ozone has been actively and widely employed in water and wastewater treatment, but the utilization of ozone alone is insufficient for purifying and disinfecting water to the emission standard of real-world situations because of its selective oxidation behaviour. With the assistance of catalysts (especially heterogeneous catalysts) and coupling with other effective technologies such as the Fenton process, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, ultrasound, microwave, and ceramic membranes, ozone can be effectively activated into more powerful reactive oxygen species (especially hydroxyl radicals). These combined technologies lead to an enhanced efficiency and complete mineralization capability that open up the method for more practical applications.
Advanced Ozonation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment introduces the state-of-the-art catalysts used in catalytic ozonation and various combined processes with ozone. The reaction mechanisms, process kinetics, structure–property–activity relationships of catalysts, effects of operation parameters in these processes and the present state of practical applications and future trends are also discussed, making this a useful reference both for water treatment professionals and for those researching ozonation processes.
Author(s): Hongbin Cao, Yongbing Xie, Yuxian Wang, Jiadong Xiao
Series: Chemistry in the Environment Series
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 398
City: London
Cover
Preface
Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation over Metal Oxides and Mechanism Discussion
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Typical Transition Metal Oxides as Ozonation Catalysts
1.1.2 Catalytic Ozonation over Other Single Metal Oxides
1.1.3 Mixed Metal Oxides for Catalytic Ozonation
1.1.4 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation over Supported Metal Oxides
2.1 Typical Supported Metal Oxides as Ozonation Catalysts
2.1.1 Metal Oxides/Al2O3
2.1.2 Metal Oxides/TiO2
2.1.3 Metal Oxides/Zeolites
2.1.4 Metal Oxides Supported on Other Porous Materials
2.2 Effects of Operation Parameters on Catalytic Ozonation Efficiency
2.2.1 Initial pH
2.2.2 Ozone Dosage
2.2.3 Catalyst Dosage
2.2.4 Initial Concentration of Contaminants
2.2.5 Reaction Temperature
2.2.6 Coexisting Ions in Water
2.3 Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms
2.3.1 The Circumstance of Radical and Non-radical Pathways
2.3.2 Identification of Catalytic Active Sites
2.3.3 Mechanism Analysis by Theoretical Calculation
2.4 Practical Applications
2.4.1 Application Case
2.4.2 Limitations in Practical Applications
2.5 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Catalytic Ozonation over Composite Metal Oxides
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Perovskite-type Catalysts
3.3 Spinel-like Oxide-type Catalysts
3.4 Other Natural Minerals
3.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trend
3.5.1 Perovskite Oxides
3.5.2 Spinel Oxide
3.5.3 Natural Minerals
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Catalytic Ozonation over Activated Carbon-based Materials
4.1 Activated Carbon
4.1.1 Adsorption or Catalysis During Ozonation with AC?
4.1.2 Influence of Chemical Properties, Texture Characteristics and Impurities
4.1.3 Influence of Water Matrix
4.1.4 Deactivation and Regeneration of Activated Carbon
4.2 Activated Carbon-supported Metal Oxides
4.2.1 Single-metal Oxides
4.2.2 Bimetallic Oxides
4.3 Biochar-based Materials
4.3.1 Biochar
4.3.2 Biochar-supported Metal Oxides
4.4 Reaction Mechanisms
4.4.1 Brief Description of Several Viewpoints
4.4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Intermediates Formation
4.4.3 Hydroxyl Radical Mechanism
4.5 Practical Applications
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Catalytic Ozonation over Nanocarbon Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon Nanotube-based Metal-free Nanocarbons
5.3 Graphene-based Metal-free Nanocarbons
5.4 Other Types of Metal-free Nanocarbons
5.5 Active Sites on Metal-free Nanocarbons
5.5.1 Carbon Framework and Dimensional Effect
5.5.2 Surface Oxygen Functionalities
5.5.3 Edging and Structural Defects
5.5.4 Heteroatom Dopants
5.6 Active Sites on Supported Nanocarbons
5.7 Methods to Probe the Active Sites on Nanocarbons
5.8 Oxidation Pathways in Metal-free Nanocarbon Catalyzed Ozonation
5.8.1 Radical-based Oxidations
5.8.2 Nonradical Oxidations
5.8.3 Identification of the Types of ROS and Evaluation of Their Roles
5.8.4 Critical Issues in Determination of the Oxidation Pathways
5.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 UVA Photocatalytic Ozonation of Water Contaminants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ozonation of Water Contaminants
6.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Water Contaminants
6.4 Photocatalytic Ozonation
6.5 UVA Photocatalytic Ozonation
6.5.1 Catalysts
6.5.2 Radiation Sources
6.5.3 Reactor Type
6.5.4 Organics Studied and Water Matrices
6.5.5 AOP Comparison, Influence of Variables
6.5.6 Ozone Consumption, Rct, RHOO3, Scavengers
6.5.7 Synergism
6.5.8 Mechanisms of Reactions
6.5.9 Kinetics
6.5.10 Energy and Cost
6.5.11 Other Aspects
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic Ozonation of Aqueous Organic Pollutants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of the Catalysts and Their Performances
7.3 Reaction Mechanism
7.4 Structure–Performance Relationship of Catalysts
7.4.1 WO3
7.4.2 g-C3N4
7.4.3 Future Design and Optimization of g-C3N4
7.5 Stability of g-C3N4 Catalysts
7.6 Present State and Challenges for Practical Application
7.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 Catalytic Peroxone Process and the Coupled Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Mechanism
8.1.2 Application
8.1.3 Drawbacks
8.2 Catalysts in Peroxone Process
8.2.1 Traditional Metal Catalysts
8.2.2 Single-atom Catalysts
8.3 Enhancement by Other Processes
8.3.1 Photolysis and Photocatalysis
8.3.2 Sonolysis
8.3.3 Plasma
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Promising Electrocatalytic Ozonation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic Ozonation
9.2.1 Mechanisms of OH Generation
9.2.2 Mechanisms of Pollutant Abatement
9.3 Cathode Studies During the E-peroxone Process
9.3.1 Cathode Materials
9.3.2 Cathode Configuration
9.3.3 Cathode Stability
9.4 Water and Wastewater Treatment by the E-peroxone Process
9.4.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
9.4.2 Control of Harmful Oxidation By-products
9.4.3 Disinfection and Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs)
9.4.4 Pilot-scale Study
9.5 Integration of the E-peroxone Process with Other Technologies
9.5.1 Combination with UV Photolysis
9.5.2 Combination with Adsorption
9.5.3 Combination with Membrane
9.5.4 Combination with Electrocoagulation
9.6 Challenges and Prospects
9.6.1 Challenges
9.6.2 Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Catalytic Ozonation with Ultrasound
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Ultrasound
10.2.1 Generation of Ultrasound
10.2.2 Typical Reactors Applied
10.3 Reactivity of Compounds
10.3.1 Phenols
10.3.2 Aromatics
10.3.3 Dyes
10.3.4 Antibiotics
10.3.5 Industrial Wastewater
10.4 Reaction Kinetics
10.5 Influencing Factors
10.5.1 Ultrasonic Power Density
10.5.2 Frequency
10.5.3 The Concentration of Ozone
10.5.4 pH
10.5.5 Temperature
10.6 Combined Processes
10.6.1 Homogeneous
10.6.2 Heterogeneous
10.7 Enhanced Mechanism
References
Chapter 11 Hybrid Ceramic Membrane Catalytic Ozonation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Coupling of Ceramic Membranes with Ozonation
11.2.1 Effect of Ozone Coupling Mode on EfOM Removal
11.2.2 Effects of Pre-O/F and In-situ-O/F on Membrane Fouling
11.2.3 Membrane Fouling Mitigation Mechanism
11.3 Coupling of Catalytic Ceramic Membranes with Ozonation
11.3.1 Kinds of Catalytic Ceramic Membranes and Corresponding Fabrication Methods
11.3.2 Reaction Mechanism
11.3.3 Fe-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.3.4 Mn-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.3.5 Ce-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.3.6 Cu-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.3.7 Hybrid Metal-oxide-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.3.8 Carbon-based Catalytic Ceramic Membranes
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 Ozonation Nanobubble Technology
12.1 Introduction to Water Disinfection and Ozonation Disinfection
12.1.1 Principles of Ozonation Disinfection
12.1.2 Limitations of Traditional Ozonation Disinfection
12.2 Nanobubbles and Generation Principles of Ozone Nanobubbles
12.2.1 Nanobubbles and Their Applications
12.2.2 Ozone Nanobubble Generation Methods
12.3 Ozone Nanobubble Properties and Applications
12.3.1 Stability and Disinfection Characteristics of Ozone Nanobubbles
12.3.2 Mass Transfer of Ozonation
12.3.3 Enhanced Reactivity of Ozone Nanobubbles
12.3.4 Applications of Ozone Nanobubbles
12.4 Future Research Directions
12.4.1 Industrialized Ozone Nanobubble Generator Development
12.4.2 Safety Concerns of Ozone Nanobubbles
Acknowledgements
References
Subject Index
