Advanced Materials from Recycled Waste

Front Cover
Advanced Materials From Recycled Waste
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Industrial solid waste: An overview
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Classification of ISW
1.2.1. According to nature
1.2.2. Per pollution characteristics
1.2.3. According to industrial sectors
1.2.4. Industrial process
1.3. Wastes from different industries: Generation, properties and uses
1.3.1. Coal fly ash (FA)
1.3.1.1. Classification of FA
1.3.1.2. Physical properties of FA
1.3.1.3. Composition of FA
1.3.1.4. Characterization of FA
1.3.1.5. Applications of FA
1.3.1.5.1. FA in concretes
1.3.1.5.2. Fly ash bricks
1.3.1.5.3. Fly ash based geopolymer cement
1.3.1.5.4. Fly ash in soils
1.3.1.5.5. Water purification by FA
1.3.2. Blast furnace slag (BFS)
1.3.2.1. Reuse and recycling of blast furnace slag
1.3.2.1.1. Slag in cement and concrete
1.3.2.2. Ferro nickel slag
1.3.3. Rubber tires
1.3.3.1. Waste tires into useful products
1.3.3.2. Rubber in concrete
1.3.4. Used glasses
1.3.5. Silica fume
1.3.6. Plastic wastes
1.3.7. Agro industrial wastes
1.3.8. Dairy wastes
1.3.9. E-waste and their recycling
1.3.10. Industrial waste as heat recourse
1.3.11. Bioremediation of industrial wastes
1.4. Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 2: Exploring brine sludge and fly ash waste for making nontoxic radiation shielding materials
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Brine sludge as radiation shielding materials
2.3. Fly ash as radiation shielding materials
2.4. Applications of brine sludge and fly ash as nontoxic radiation shielding materials
2.5. Conclusion
2.6. Future perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Use of red mud as advanced soil stabilization material
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Chemical properties of red mud
3.3. Physical properties of soil and red mud
3.4. Red mud as a soil stabilizer
3.5. Discussion
3.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Conversion of agricultural crop waste into valuable chemicals
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass
4.2.1. Furfural
4.2.2. Furfuryl alcohol
4.2.3. Furan
4.2.4. 2(5H)-furanone
4.2.5. Levulinic acid
4.2.6. Caprolactam
4.2.7. Cyclopentanone
4.2.8. 1,3-Propane diol
4.2.9. Ethylene glycol
4.2.10. Gamma-valerolactone
4.2.11. Maleic acid and maleic anhydride
4.2.12. Isosorbide
4.2.13. Acrylic acid
4.2.14. 1,5-Pentane diol
4.2.15. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)
4.2.16. 2,5-Diformyl furan (DFF)
4.2.17. Furoic acid
4.2.18. 2,5-Dimethylfuran
4.2.19. 1,3-Butadiene
4.2.20. 1,4-Butanediol
4.2.21. Ethyl lactate
4.2.22. Glycerin
4.2.23. Isoprene
4.2.24. p-Xylene
4.3. Conclusions and future prospect
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Membrane-based treatment of wastewater generated in pharmaceutical and textile industries for a sustainable en ...
5.1. A brief overview on pharmaceutical and textile waste
5.2. Wastewater: A source of environmental hazards
5.3. Effective performance of membrane on wastewater
5.3.1. Temperature
5.3.2. Pressure
5.3.3. Flow rate
5.4. Effect of nanocomposite membrane on wastewater treatment process
5.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Efficient and nutritive value addition of waste from food processing industries
6.1. A brief overview on food waste
6.2. Types of food waste
6.2.1. Apple manufacturing industries
6.2.2. Berries
6.3. Process for recovery of waste products
6.4. Extraction of food waste
6.4.1. Extrusion process
6.4.2. Solvent extraction
6.4.3. Sub critical water extraction
6.4.4. Enzyme assisted extraction
6.4.5. Ultrasound-assisted extraction
6.4.6. Microwave-assisted extraction
6.4.7. Pulse electric field
6.4.8. High hydrostatic pressure extraction
6.4.9. Membrane assisted extraction
6.5. Recovery of bioactive compounds from waste
6.5.1. Adsorption
6.5.2. Electrodialysis
6.6. Potential applicability of food waste
6.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Waste incorporation in glass: A potential alternative and safe utilization
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1. Tannery solid waste (TSW)
7.1.1.1. Various approaches for TSW management
7.1.2. Arsenic-containing sludge (ACS)
7.1.2.1. Various approaches for ACS management
7.1.3. E-waste
7.1.4. Rice husk ash (RHA)
7.1.5. Waste incorporation in glass and ceramic
7.2. Material and method
7.2.1. Glass preparation with TSW
7.2.2. Glass preparation with ACS
7.2.3. Glass preparation with e-waste glass
7.2.4. Glass preparation with RHA
7.2.5. Characterization
7.3. Result and discussion
7.3.1. Tannery waste incorporation
7.3.2. Arsenic waste
7.3.3. E-waste glass
7.3.4. Rice husk ash (RHA)
7.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8: Agricultural waste: Sustainable valuable products
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Current scenario of agricultural waste
8.2.1. Food crop agrowastes
8.2.2. Cash crop agrowastes
8.2.3. Plantation crop agrowaste
8.2.4. Horticultural crop agrowastes
8.3. Agricultural wastes toward biorefinery process
8.3.1. Biodiesel
8.3.2. Bioethanol
8.3.3. Biogas
8.4. Agricultural waste toward platform chemicals
8.5. Agricultural waste toward pharmaceutical chemicals
8.6. Other value-added products
8.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Use of industrial waste for value-added products
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Different industrial waste and their uses
9.2.1. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)
9.2.1.1. Blended cements
9.2.1.2. Use of Fly ash/GGBFS in concrete
9.2.1.3. Ready-mix plaster
9.2.1.4. Masonry bricks and blocks
9.2.1.5. Wall panels
9.2.1.6. Microconcrete and repair mortar
9.2.1.7. Grout material
9.2.1.8. Masonry mortar
9.2.1.9. Tile base material
9.2.1.10. Tile adhesive material
9.2.1.11. Other applications
9.2.2. Phosphogypsum-A fertilizer industry waste
9.2.2.1. Phosphogypsum-based plaster
9.2.2.2. Phosphogypsum-based wall putty
9.2.2.3. Phosphogypsum wall panels
9.2.2.4. Plaster boards, false ceiling
9.2.2.5. Making statues and models
9.2.3. Red mud-Waste from aluminum industry
9.2.3.1. Cement production
9.2.3.2. Cement mortar and concrete with red mud
9.2.3.3. Checkered tiles and paver blocks
9.2.3.4. Geopolymers concrete
9.2.3.5. Brick manufacturing
9.2.3.6. Ceramic products
9.2.3.7. Wastewater treatment
9.2.3.8. As a catalyst
9.2.3.9. As a filler in plastic
9.2.4. Rice husk ash
9.2.4.1. Cement composites
9.2.4.2. Silicon-based materials
9.2.4.3. Adsorbents in vegetable oil refining and removal of heavy metals
9.2.5. Plastic waste
9.2.5.1. Pipes with partly recycled plastic pipe waste
9.2.5.2. Asphalt mix with waste plastic
9.2.5.3. Cement mortar and concrete with thermoset plastic waste
9.3. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Conversion of agriculture, forest, and garden waste for alternate energy source: Bio-oil and biochar producti ...
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Present scenario of agriculture waste in India
10.2. Literature review
10.2.1. Biochar production from crop residue relevant to India and Maharashtra
10.3. Materials and method
10.3.1. Method for estimation of surplus crop residue in India and Maharashtra
10.3.2. Method for estimation of biochar yield
10.4. Results and discussion
10.4.1. Estimate of surplus biomass generated in India
10.4.2. Surplus crop residue for biochar production in India and Maharashtra
10.4.3. Potential for biochar application
10.5. Economic benefits of combined production of biochar and bio-oil
10.5.1. Introduction
10.5.2. Benefits from combined production of biochar and bio-oil
10.5.3. Overall benefits from the pyrolysis activity to the nation
10.5.4. Direct benefits to farmers in terms of increase in income
10.6. Conclusions and suggestion for future work
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11: Agricultural waste: An exploration of the innovative possibilities in the pursuit of long-term sustainability
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Categorization and sources of agricultural waste
11.2.1. Animal waste
11.2.2. Meat and food processing waste
11.2.3. On-farm organic waste
11.2.4. Horticulture production waste
11.2.5. Fisheries waste
11.2.6. Agrochemical wastes
11.3. Effect of agricultural residue on an environment and human health
11.4. Value-added products from agricultural wastes
11.4.1. Fertilizer
11.4.2. Anaerobic digestion
11.4.3. Composting and vermicomposting
11.4.4. Removal of heavy metals onto untreated or treated agriculture wastes
11.4.5. Animal feed
11.4.6. Pyrolysis and plasma gasification
11.4.7. Agrocement
11.5. Conclusions and future scope
References
Chapter 12: Utilization of value-added products from fly ash: An industrial waste
12.1. Introduction
12.2. FA properties
12.3. Fly ash (FA) applications in different fields
12.3.1. FA usage in the concrete industry
12.3.2. FA usage in bricks
12.3.3. FA in agriculture sector
12.3.4. FA application in the stabilized base course
12.3.5. FA utilization in mosaic tiles
12.3.6. FA utilization as light aggregates
12.3.7. FA utilization in flowable fills
12.3.8. FA utilization in pavements
12.3.9. FA utilization as pesticide
12.3.10. FA utilization as an adsorbent
12.4. Conclusions and recommendations
References
Chapter 13: Advanced geopolymer: Utilizing industrial waste to material to achieve zero waste
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Current strategies to waste management
13.2. Basic principles of solid waste management
13.2.1. Challenges to current waste management
13.2.2. Why choose geopolymer?
13.2.3. Geopolymer and its structure
13.3. Industrial wastes utilization in geopolymer technology
13.3.1. Fly ash utilization into geopolymer
13.3.2. Kaolin and Metakaolin utilization into Geopolymer
13.3.3. Rice husk ash utilization into geopolymer
13.3.4. Construction demolition waste into geopolymer
13.4. Municipal waste encapsulation and integration into geopolymer technology
13.4.1. Encapsulation of MSW
13.4.2. Recycling wastepaper, cardboard into geopolymer
13.4.3. Recycling thermoplastic polymers into geopolymer
13.5. Advanced applications of waste driven geopolymer
13.5.1. Acid resistance of geopolymer
13.5.2. Alkali resistance of geopolymer
13.5.3. Geopolymer in thermal transportation
13.6. Summary
13.7. Diversity statement
13.8. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 14: Utilization of waste glass fiber in polymer composites
14.1. Introduction
14.1.1. Land filling
14.1.2. Incineration
14.2. About waste glass fiber (WGF)
14.3. Some studies on the separation of fibers from waste FRP
14.4. Development of suitable polymer composite
14.5. Wear behavior of waste glass fiber (WGF)-polyester composites
14.5.1. Abrasive wear testing
14.5.2. Wear behavior of waste glass fiber-reinforced epoxy gradient composites
14.5.3. Abrasive wear behavior of WGF/polypropylene based lining materials
14.6. Possible applications of waste glass fiber
14.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Muga silk: Sustainable materials for emerging technology
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Origin of silk
15.3. Types of silk
15.4. Antiquity of Muga silk in Assam
15.5. Distribution of Muga silk
15.6. Present status of Muga silk
15.7. Cultivation of Muga silk
15.8. Compositions of Muga silk
15.9. Fibroin (central structure protein)
15.10. Sericin (glue protein)
15.11. Properties of Muga silk
15.11.1. Structure of Muga silk
15.11.2. Tensile strength
15.11.3. Moisture absorbance
15.11.4. Conduction of heat
15.11.5. Conduction of electricity
15.11.6. Effect of acid/alkali
15.11.7. Porosity
15.11.8. Eco-friendly
15.12. Uses and applications
15.13. Dietary application
15.14. Biomedical applications
15.15. Tissue engineering
15.16. Pharmaceutical application
15.17. Cosmetic application
15.18. Textile application
15.19. Art craft application
15.20. Construction applications
15.21. Application as biodiesel
15.22. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Plastic recycling: Challenges, opportunities, and future aspects
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Steps involved in plastic recycling and advantages of recycling
16.3. Chemical recycling methods for various polymers
16.3.1. Depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
16.3.1.1. Glycolysis
16.3.1.2. Chemolysis
16.3.2. Depolymerization of high density polyethylene (HDPE)
16.3.3. Depolymerization of polystyrene
16.3.4. Depolymerization of polycarbonate
16.3.4.1. Alcoholysis
16.3.4.2. Hydrolysis
16.3.4.3. Catalytic depolymerization
16.3.5. Polyvinyl chloride depolymerization
16.3.6. Waste vehicle tire depolymerization
16.3.7. Polyamides recycling
16.3.7.1. Nylon-66 recycling
16.3.7.2. Nylon-6 recycling
16.3.8. Polyethylene and polypropylene recycling
16.3.9. Polyurethane foam recycling
16.3.9.1. Glycolysis and hydrolysis
16.3.9.2. Aminolysis and ammonolysis
16.3.10. Recycling of mixture of waste polymers
16.4. Applications and properties of recycled polymers
16.4.1. Additives in recycled polymers and polymer composites: A way to enhance material properties
16.4.2. Recycled polymers in food industry
16.4.3. Other major applications of recycled polymers
16.5. Plastic recycling and CO2 emissions
16.5.1. Energy recovery
16.5.2. Impact of plastic recycling on CO2 emissions, greenhouse effect and carbon footprint
16.6. Conclusions and future aspects
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back Cover