Advanced Materials for Sustainable Environmental Remediation: Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

Front Matter
Front Matter
Contents
Contributors
Copyright
Dedication
Note from the editors
About the editors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Trends in advanced materials for sustainable environmental remediation
1.1 Environmental pollution and role of materials in its remediation
1.2 Strategies for environmental remediation
1.3 Present challenges and future prospects for utilization of advanced materials in sustainable environmental remediation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Potential of MOF-based novel adsorbents for the removal of aquatic pollutants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Various forms of aquatic pollutants
2.3 Traditional approaches for the treatment of aquatic pollutants
2.4 Overview of MOFs
2.4.1 Properties of MOFs and its synthesis
2.4.2 MOFs as an adsorbent
2.5 Applications of MOFs for the treatment of aquatic pollutants
2.5.1 Application of MOFs for the adsorption of heavy metals
2.5.2 MOFs for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal products
2.5.3 MOFs for the adsorption of pesticides and other organic compounds
2.6 Large-scale production of the MOFs
2.7 Challenges and future directives
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Metal-organic frameworks for the prolific purification of hazardous airborne pollutants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structural features of MOFs
3.3 Synthesis of MOFs
3.4 Adsorptive purification of airborne pollutants
3.4.1 Toxic industrial gas
3.4.2 Volatile organic compound \(VOC\)
3.4.3 Greenhouse gas
3.4.4 Particulate matter
3.4.5 Radioactive nuclide
3.4.6 Hg0
3.4.7 Chemical warfare agent
3.5 Innovative strategies for performance enhancement
3.5.1 Chemical functionalization
3.5.2 Pore size and shape control
3.5.3 MOF-derived composites
3.6 Comparison with commercial adsorbents
3.7 Regeneration and reusability
3.8 Prospects and challenges
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 MOF-based materials as soil amendments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification and toxicity of soil pollutants
4.2.1 Heavy metals
4.2.2 Organophosphorus pesticides
4.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls
4.2.4 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
4.2.5 Endocrine disruptors
4.3 Overview of available methods to identify/remove soil pollutants
4.3.1 Preconcentration techniques
4.3.2 Sensing applications
4.3.3 Treatment techniques for soil pollutants
4.4 Prerequisite structural advantages of MOFs and their composites
4.4.1 Synthesis and fabrication process of MOFs for extraction of soil pollutant
4.4.2 Synthesis of MOFs for sensing applications
4.5 MOFs as an efficient tool for soil remediation
4.5.1 Extraction of soil contaminants
4.5.2 Adsorption
4.5.3 Sensing applications
4.6 Confronts and future scope of this technology
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Metal-organic frameworks \(MOFs\) as a catalyst for advanced oxidation processes^^e2^^80^^94Micropollutant removal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods of synthesis
5.2.1 Hydro/solvothermal method
5.2.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis
5.2.3 Ultrasound-assisted synthesis
5.2.4 Electrochemical synthesis
5.2.5 Mechanochemical synthesis
5.2.6 Slow evaporation synthesis
5.2.7 Postsynthesis process involving in the generation of active MOF
5.3 MOFs and their derivatives
5.3.1 MOFs
5.3.2 Carbon composites
5.3.3 Metal oxides
5.3.4 MOF composites
5.3.5 Hybrid MOFs by carbonization
5.4 Applications of MOFs in AOP
5.4.1 Ozonation
5.4.2 Photocatalysis
5.4.3 Sonolysis \(ultrasound\)
5.4.4 Fenton reaction
5.4.5 Electrochemical oxidation
5.4.6 Sulfate radical^^e2^^80^^93based AOP
5.5 Strategies to improve performance of MOFs
5.6 Stability and reusability
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Engineering structured metal-organic frameworks for environmental applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Spheres
6.3 Pellets
6.4 Monoliths
6.5 3D-printed monoliths
Conclusions and further outlook
References
Chapter 7 Aerogel, xerogel, and cryogel: Synthesis, surface chemistry, and properties-Practical environmental applications and the future developments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparation and affecting synthesis parameters of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels
7.2.1 Sol preparation and gel formation
7.2.2 Aging
7.2.3 Surface modification
7.2.4 Drying
7.3 Features and applications of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels
7.3.1 Chemical characteristics-Hydrophilic/hydrophobicity properties
7.3.2 Morphological properties
7.3.3 Thermal conductivity
7.3.4 Optical properties
7.3.5 Acoustic properties
7.3.6 Electrical properties
7.3.7 Mechanical properties
7.4 Surface chemistry of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels
7.5 Environmental applications of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels
7.5.1 Air cleaning applications
7.5.2 Water treatment applications
7.5.3 Catalytic applications
Conclusion and future development
References
Chapter 8 Nanoscale cellulose and nanocellulose-based aerogels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose
8.2.1 Source and structure of cellulose and nanoscale cellulose \(NC\)
8.2.2 Extraction of cellulose and nanoscale cellulose
8.2.3 Classification and characteristics of nanoscale cellulose
8.3 Nanocellulose-based aerogels
8.3.1 Characteristics of nanocellulose-based aerogels
8.3.2 Fabrication of nanocellulose-based aerogels
8.4 Applications of nanoscale cellulose
8.4.1 Application of nanocellulose-based aerogels
8.4.2 Other application areas
8.5 Perspective and outlook
8.6 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Sol-gel^^e2^^80^^93derived silica xerogels: Synthesis, properties, and their applicability for removal of hazardous pollutants*
9.1 Introduction and overview of sol-gel method
9.2 Engineering the porosity and surface chemistry of silica xerogels
9.3 Adsorptive removal of hazardous pollutants
9.3.1 Metal extraction
9.3.2 Organic wastes removal
9.3.3 Adsorption of gases and vapors
9.4 Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 10 Processing of hybrid TiO2 semiconducting materials and their environmental application
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods for the processing of hybrid TiO2
10.2.1 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using hydrothermal method
10.2.2 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using solvothermal method
10.2.3 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using sol-gel method
10.2.4 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using chemical vapor deposition \(CVD\) method
10.2.5 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using the microwave method
10.3 Processing of hybrid TiO2 nanomaterials
10.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D hybrid TiO2 materials
10.3.2 Processing of TiO2 composite materials
10.3.3 Processing of doped TiO2
10.3.4 TiO2 doped with metal
10.3.5 TiO2 doped with nonmetal
10.3.6 Processing of quantum dots deposited/modified TiO2
10.4 Environmental application of hybrid TiO2 nanoparticles
10.4.1 Application of hybrid TiO2 in water purification
10.4.2 Application of hybrid TiO2 in hydrogen generation
10.4.3 Application of hybrid TiO2 in air purification/reduction of carbon dioxide \(CO2\)
10.4.4 Application of hybrid TiO2 in mineralization of chemical warfare agents
10.4.5 Application of hybrid TiO2 in dye-sensitized solar cells \(DSSCs\)
10.4.6 Application of hybrid TiO2 in treatment of contaminated soil
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of layered double hydroxides and environmental applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Layered double hydroxides
11.2.1 Structure
11.2.2 Synthesis
11.2.3 Properties
11.3 Environmental applications
11.3.1 Adsorption
11.3.2 Heavy metal control
11.3.3 Soil treatment
11.3.4 CO2 control: Separation and capture
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12 Green nanocomposites and gamma radiation as a novel treatment for dye removal in wastewater
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Textile dyes and wastewater
12.3 Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle and water remediation
12.3.1 Properties of iron oxide nanoparticles
12.3.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles and Fenton process
12.3.3 Iron oxide nanoparticles and support materials
12.4 Iron oxide nanoparticles supported on ion-exchange resins
12.5 Water remediation using gamma irradiation
12.6 Water remediation by using iron oxides nanoparticles-based composites
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Potential of zeolite as an adsorbent for the removal of trace metal\(loids\) in wastewater
13.1 Trace metal\(loids\) contamination in water
13.2 Zeolite: Chemistry
13.2.1 Natural zeolite
13.2.2 Synthetic zeolite
13.2.3 Surface chemistry
13.3 Role of zeolite in remediation of trace metal\(loids\) contaminants
13.3.1 Cationic metals
13.3.2 Anionic metals
13.3.3 Metalloids
13.3.4 The mechanism involved in the remediation of trace metals
13.4 Modification of zeolite for the removal of toxic metals
13.4.1 Modification by ion exchangers
13.4.2 Modification with acid and base
13.4.3 Composites with other materials
13.5 Summary and future perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Natural and synthetic clay-based materials applied for the removal of emerging pollutants from aqueous medium
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Water pollution by emerging contaminants
14.1.2 Adsorption mechanism
14.1.3 Clay-based materials as promising adsorbents for environmental remediation
14.2 Natural clays for adsorption
14.2.1 Clay minerals classification
14.2.2 Properties and characteristics of natural clay minerals
14.3 Modified and synthesized clay-based materials for adsorption
14.3.1 Synthesis and types of modification
14.4 Adsorption of emerging contaminants by natural and modified clays
14.4.1 Pharmaceutical products
14.4.2 Endocrine disruptors and chemical of personal care products
14.5 Comparison of different activation methods in the same clay type
14.6 Future perspectives and final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Application of magnetic biochars for the removal of aquatic pollutants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fabrication techniques for magnetic biochar
15.2.1 Impregnation-pyrolysis
15.2.2 Coprecipitation
15.2.3 Reductive codeposition
15.2.4 Solvothermal
15.2.5 Hydrothermal carbonization
15.2.6 Other fabrication techniques
15.3 Physicochemical properties of magnetic biochar
15.3.1 Specific surface area
15.3.2 Elemental composition
15.3.3 Point of zero charge \(pHpzc\)
15.3.4 Functional groups
15.4 Factors affecting the adsorption of pollutants
15.4.1 Chemical impregnation ratio
15.4.2 Pyrolysis temperature
15.4.3 Solution pH
15.5 Applications of magnetic biochar
15.5.1 Heavy metal\(loid\)s adsorption
15.5.2 Nuclear waste pollutants
15.5.3 Organic pollutants
15.5.4 Anionic pollutants
15.6 Adsorption mechanisms
15.6.1 Ion exchange
15.6.2 Surface complexation
15.6.3 Oxygen-containing functional groups
15.6.4 Electrostatic interaction
15.6.5 Coprecipitation
15.6.6 Chemical bond adsorption
15.6.7 Reduction
15.7 Magnetic biochar regeneration and disposal
Conclusions and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Progress in the synthesis and applications of polymeric nanomaterials derived from waste lignocellulosic biomass
16.1 Overview on the lignocellulosic-derived nanomaterials
16.1.1 Nanofibrous cellulose \(NFC\)
16.1.2 Nanocrystalline cellulose \(NCC\)
16.1.3 Lignin nanoparticles \(LNPs\)
16.2 Isolation of lignocellulosic-based nanomaterials
16.2.1 Cellulose nanomaterials
16.2.2 Lignin nanoparticles
16.3 Functionality improvement through structural modification
16.4 Progress in the application of cellulose and lignin-derived nanoparticles
16.4.1 Environmental applications of nanocrystalline cellulose
16.4.2 Drug delivery applications of lignin nanoparticles
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Activated carbons in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment
17.1 Activated carbons
17.2 Environmental challenges driving the use of activated carbon
17.2.1 Contaminants of emerging concern in urban water systems
17.2.2 CECs in water legislation and regulation in Europe
17.3 Activated carbon based processes for controlling CECs in wastewater treatment
17.3.1 Available technologies for CEC control in urban WWTPs
17.3.2 Overview of PAC and GAC set-ups in WWTPs
17.3.3 Further practical issues in CEC removal by PAC adsorption
17.3.4 Cost evaluation
17.4 Activated carbons used for wastewater treatment
17.4.1 Data available in literature for large-scale application in urban WWTPs
17.4.2 Procedures used for activated carbon selection
Activated carbons’ selection criteria
Water matrix and competitive adsorption
Target contaminants’ key properties for adsorption
17.4.3 Properties of activated carbons preselected for application in urban WWTPs
Activated carbons’ raw materials
Activated carbons’ textural and surface properties
Activated carbons’ physical properties
17.5 Final remarks and research needs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Carbon nanotube-based materials for environmental remediation processes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of CNTs synthesis and characterization techniques
18.3 CNTs as adsorbents, membranes, and photocatalysts
18.4 CNT combined with biopolymers
18.4.1 CNT/chitosan composites
18.4.2 CNT/cellulose composites
18.4.3 CNT/xanthan gum composites
18.4.4 CNT/lignin composites
18.4.5 CNT/alginate composites
18.4.6 CNT/dendrimers composites
18.5 Environmental and human safety
18.6 CNT-based biomaterials in environmental remediation
18.6.1 Adsorption
18.6.2 Membrane filtration
18.6.3 Photocatalytic degradation
Conclusions and remarks
References
Chapter 19 Applications of graphene oxide \(GO\) and its hybrid with nanoparticles for water decontamination
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Graphene oxide \(GO\) and reduced graphene oxide \(rGO\)
19.2.1 Chemical and structural properties of GO and rGO
19.2.2 Synthetic routes for GO and rGO
19.2.3 Anchoring and stabilization of NPs on GO
19.3 Organic and inorganic pollutants: Application of GO and hybrid GO nanomaterials to removal contaminants
19.4 Utilization of GO and hybrid-GO nanomaterials to water
19.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Graphitic carbon nitride: Triggering the solar light-assisted decomposition of hazardous substances
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Synthesis of materials and their characteristics
20.3 Photoactivity mechanisms of diverse g-C3N4
20.4 The extent of decomposition of hazardous substances
20.4.1 Metal-free g-C3N4 to combat waterborne pollutants
20.4.2 Metal-enhanced g-C3N4 photocatalysts for wastewater treatment
20.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Utilization of fly ash-based advanced materials in adsorptive removal of pollutants from aqueous media
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Synthesis methods of fly ash- / modified fly ash-based adsorbents
21.3 Application of fly ash-based materials for adsorption of pollutants from water
21.3.1 Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous systems
21.3.2 Adsorption of tannic acid and its derivatives
21.3.3 Adsorption of pesticides
21.3.4 Adsorption of dye molecules
21.4 Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Activated carbons derived from biomass for the removal by adsorption of several pesticides from water
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Modeling sustainable activated carbons for the removal of pesticides by adsorption
22.3 Kinetic modeling
22.4 Isotherm modeling
22.5 Thermodynamic studies
22.6 Relation between adsorption capacity and surface area in the adsorption
22.7 Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23 Synthesis and application of nanostructured iron oxides heterogeneous catalysts for environmental applications
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Pristine and engineered iron oxides: Synthesis routes
23.2.1 Pristine iron oxides
23.2.2 Synthetic iron oxides
23.3 Properties of nanostructured iron oxides
23.3.1 Chemical properties
23.3.2 Redox properties
23.3.3 Magnetic properties
23.4 Application of nanostructured iron oxides for environmental remediation
23.4.1 Adsorption
23.4.2 Catalytic ozonation
23.4.3 Fenton and Fenton-related processes
23.4.4 Sulfate-based advanced oxidation processes
23.4.5 Use of iron oxide catalysts in photocatalysis
Conclusions
References
Index