Advanced Flexible Ceramics: Design, Properties, Manufacturing, and Emerging Applications

Cover
Advanced Flexible Ceramics
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
1 Flexible ceramics: an introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods for fabrication of flexible ceramics
1.2.1 Cofired combustion methods
1.2.2 Printing method
1.2.3 Tape casting process
1.2.4 Roll-to-roll processing method
1.3 Applications and challenges
References
Further reading
2 Shape memory ceramics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Smart ceramics
2.3 Mechanism of shape recovery in smart ceramics
2.4 Methods for fabrication
2.5 Electrical and electronic applications of smart ceramics
2.6 Biomedical applications of smart ceramics
2.7 Industrial application of smart ceramic
References
Further reading
3 Characterization of flexible ceramics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterization techniques
3.2.1 Electron microscopy
3.2.1.1 Field-emission scanning electron microscopy
3.2.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
3.2.2 Scanning probe microscopy
3.2.2.1 Scanning tunneling microscopy
3.2.2.2 Atomic force microscopy
3.2.3 X-ray diffraction
3.2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
3.2.5 Electron diffraction
3.2.6 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis
3.2.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.2.8 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis
3.3 Conclusion
References
4 Microstructural characteristics of flexible ceramics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design strategies and microstructures
4.2.1 Itacolumite
4.2.2 Aluminum titanate ceramics
4.2.3 Al2O3/Mo
4.2.4 Al2O3–TiO2–MgO
4.2.5 KZr2(PO4)3–KAlSi2O6
4.2.6 Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 hybrid composite
4.2.7 One-dimensional flexible ceramics
4.2.8 Three-dimensional flexible ceramics
4.2.9 ZnO tetrapods
4.2.10 Metal-alloyed ZnO tetrapod
4.3 Conclusive remark
Acknowledgment
References
5 Mechanical properties of flexible ceramics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanical properties of conventional ceramics
5.3 Mechanical properties of flexible ceramics materials
5.4 Mechanism of flexibility
5.4.1 Modifying the microstructure
5.4.2 Addition of other materials
5.4.3 By changing the shape
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6 Electrical properties of flexible ceramics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrical properties of flexible ceramics
6.2.1 Dielectric properties
6.2.2 Piezoelectric properties
6.2.3 Pyroelectric properties
6.2.4 Ferroelectric properties
6.2.5 Electrochemical properties
6.2.6 Current–voltage characteristics
6.2.6.1 Space-charge-limited conduction mechanism
6.2.6.2 Schottky and Poole–Frenkel conduction mechanisms
6.3 Electrical properties-based applications of flexible ceramic films
6.3.1 Energy storage devices
6.3.1.1 Dynamic method
6.3.1.2 Static method
6.3.2 Energy harvesting
6.3.2.1 Piezoelectric nanogenerators
6.3.2.2 Pyroelectric nanogenerators
6.3.2.3 Sensors
6.3.3 Memory
6.3.3.1 Resistive random access memory
6.3.3.2 Ferroelectric random access memory
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Optical properties of flexible ceramic films
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concept and fundamentals of optical properties
7.2.1 Interaction of electromagnetic wave with ceramics
7.2.1.1 Absorption
7.2.1.2 Transmission
7.2.1.3 Reflection
7.2.1.4 Refraction
7.2.1.5 Scattering
7.2.2 Luminescence properties
7.2.2.1 Photoluminescence
7.2.2.2 Cathodoluminescence
7.2.2.3 Electroluminescence
7.2.2.4 Thermoluminescence
7.2.2.5 Mechanoluminescence
7.3 Flexible ceramic films and their optical properties
7.3.1 Transmittance of flexible ceramics
7.3.2 Refractive index of flexible ceramic films
7.3.3 Photoluminescence of flexible ceramic films
7.3.4 Electroluminescence of flexible ceramic films
7.3.5 Mechanoluminescence of flexible ceramic films
7.4 Flexible ceramic film-based optical device applications
7.4.1 Photodetectors (photosensors)
7.4.2 Solar cells
7.4.3 Optical memories
7.4.4 Optical (or phosphor) thermometry
7.4.5 Photocatalysis
7.4.6 Light-emitting diodes
7.4.7 Other applications
7.5 Conclusions and future prospects
References
8 Chemical vapor deposition processing and its relevance to build flexible ceramics materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chemical vapor deposition: principles and fundamentals
8.2.1 Basic understanding of chemical vapor deposition
8.2.2 Reaction mechanism of chemical vapor deposition and its relation with a substrate
8.2.3 Atomic layer deposition: a special type of chemical layer deposition
8.3 Chemical vapor deposition processing to build flexible ceramics
8.3.1 Current status
8.3.2 Development of film-like structures on the flexible substrates
8.3.3 Development of one-dimensional nanostructures with different geometries and morphologies
8.3.3.1 Direct deposition
8.3.3.2 Template-based deposition
References
9 Ceramic three-dimensional printing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of three-dimensional printing processes
9.2.1 Slurry-based processes
9.2.1.1 Process description
9.2.1.2 Feedstock requirements
9.2.1.3 Energy consumption
9.2.2 Powder-based processes
9.2.2.1 Process description
9.2.2.2 Feedstock requirements
9.2.2.3 Energy consumption
9.2.3 Bulk solid materials
9.2.3.1 Process description
9.2.3.2 Feedstock requirements
9.2.3.3 Energy consumption
9.3 Process parameters
9.3.1 Slurry-based processes
9.4 Quality control techniques
9.5 Guidelines for technology selection
9.6 Applications of Ceramics
9.7 Conclusion and perspectives
References
10 Methods for fabrication of ceramic coatings
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ceramic coating materials for fabrication
10.2.1 Different types of oxide ceramic coatings
10.2.2 Different types of nonoxide ceramic coatings
10.3 Methods for fabrication of ceramic coating on metallic materials
10.3.1 Sol–gel method
10.3.2 Microarc oxidation
10.4 Liquid phase deposition method
10.5 Atomic layer deposition method
10.5.1 Electrochemical method
10.5.2 Plasma treatment
10.5.3 Magnetron sputtering
10.5.4 Solution immersion process
10.5.5 Laser-cladding method
10.5.6 Chemical vapor deposition method
10.5.7 Dip-coating method
10.6 Conclusions
10.7 Future scope
References
11 Methods for ceramic machining
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Traditional machining
11.3 Nontraditional machining
11.4 Hybrid machining
11.5 Comparative studies
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Advanced flexible electronic devices for biomedical application
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Flexible electronics
12.2.1 Fabrication strategies and materials
12.2.2 Physical, chemical, and biosensors-based flexible ceramics
12.2.2.1 Physical sensor
12.2.2.1.1 Temperature sensor
12.2.2.1.2 Strain sensor
12.2.2.1.3 Pressure sensors
12.2.2.2 Chemical and biological sensors
12.2.2.2.1 pH sensors
12.2.2.2.2 Glucose sensors
12.2.3 Advanced flexible electronic for wound healing
12.3 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Transition metal oxide ceramic nanocomposites for flexible supercapacitors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Supercapacitor overview: types and components
13.2.1 Electrical double-layer capacitors versus pseudocapacitors
13.2.2 Use of ceramics as supercapacitor electrodes
13.2.3 Current collectors/substrates for preparing supercapacitor electrodes
13.2.4 Electrolytes
13.3 Recently developed ceramic electrodes for flexible supercapacitors
13.3.1 Metal oxide/conductive polymer composites
13.3.2 Metal sulfides/conductive polymer composites
13.3.3 Metalloid nitrides/carbides ceramics
13.3.4 Metal hydroxide ceramics
13.3.5 Spinel oxide ceramics
13.4 Conclusions and future prospects
References
14 Metal–organic framework and MXene-based flexible supercapacitors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of flexible supercapacitor
14.2.1 Metal–organic frameworks-based flexible supercapacitors
14.2.2 MXene-based flexible supercapacitor
14.3 Summary and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15 Flexible solar cells
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Material properties for flexible substrates
15.2.1 Stability against oxygen and moisture
15.2.2 Thermal properties
15.2.3 Optical properties
15.2.4 Chemical properties
15.3 Flexible substrates
15.3.1 Metals
15.3.2 Ceramics
15.3.3 Polymers
15.4 Flexible absorbers and flexible solar cells
15.4.1 a-Si:H solar cells
15.4.2 CdTe solar cells
15.4.3 Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells
15.4.4 Organic solar cells
15.4.5 Perovskite solar cells
15.5 Fexible electrodes
15.5.1 Metals
15.5.2 Carbon
15.5.3 Polymers
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Emerging applications of ceramics in flexible supercapacitors
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electrode materials
16.2.1 Ruthenium oxide
16.2.2 Manganese oxide
16.2.3 Cobalt oxide
16.2.4 Iron oxides
16.2.5 Vanadium oxides
16.2.6 Tin oxide
16.2.7 Vanadium nitride
16.2.8 Titanium nitride
16.3 Summary
References
17 Flexible ceramics for microfluidics-mediated biomedical devices
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Flexible ceramics in microfluidics
17.3 Fabrication protocols for flexible ceramics in microfluidics
17.4 Tailoring ceramics for application in medical-related microdevices
17.5 Integration of microelectronic in flexible ceramic-based microfluidics
17.6 General applications of functional and flexible bioceramics in medical technology
17.7 Emerging technologies in bioceramics for medical devices
17.8 Ceramic-based medical devices
17.9 Emerging technologies for bioceramics in the medical device application
17.9.1 Electroceramics
17.9.2 Green state machining
17.9.3 Three-dimensional printing
17.9.4 Bone cancer treatment from bioceramic scaffolds
17.9.5 Sol–gel technique
17.10 Prospects of flexible bioceramics in post-COVID era
17.11 Current roles of flexible bioceramics in tackling COVID-19 and expectations in post-COVID-19 era
17.11.1 Silicon nitride bioceramics
17.11.2 Graphitic carbon nitride
17.11.3 Ventilator design
References
18 Advanced tape cast multilayer thin ceramics and composites with inelastic failure behaviors for damage-resistant applica...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Fabrication of multilayer composites
18.3 Microstructure and properties of multilayer composites
18.3.1 Mechanical properties of multilayer systems
18.3.1.1 Nanoalumina/nanoalumina multilayer composite
18.3.1.2 Nanozirconia/nanozirconia multilayer composite
18.3.1.3 Nanozirconia/lanthanum phosphate 20-layer multilayer composite
18.3.1.4 Nanoalumina/5 zirconia toughened alumina multilayer composite
18.3.1.5 Nanozirconia/5 zirconia toughened alumina multilayer composite
18.3.2 Aspect of toughness improvement in multilayer composite systems
18.4 Summary and conclusions
References
19 Flexible ceramics for environmental remediation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Flexible ceramics for environmental remediation
19.2.1 Removal of heavy metals
19.2.2 Air filtration
19.2.3 Adsorption of dyes
19.2.4 Removal of pathogens
19.2.5 Photodegradation of dyes
19.3 Conclusions
References
20 Ceramic-based coatings for solar energy collection
20.1 Background
20.2 State-of-art
20.2.1 Normal ceramic collectors
20.2.2 Vanadium–titanium black ceramic collectors
20.3 Heat-transfer mechanism
20.4 Building application methods
20.4.1 Module patterns
20.4.2 Integration patterns
20.5 Application cases
20.5.1 Conceptual architecture
20.5.2 Rural residence
20.5.3 Urban high-rise residence
20.5.4 Public building
20.5.5 Agricultural construction
20.6 Future directions
References
21 Advanced ceramics in the defense and security
21.1 Introduction to ceramics in defense and security
21.2 Market report on ceramic coating used in defense and security
21.3 Ceramic coating materials for defense and security industry
21.3.1 Alumina titania ceramic powders
21.3.2 Aluminum oxide powders
21.3.3 Chromium oxide powders
21.4 Ceramic coating in various parts
21.4.1 Submarines
21.4.2 Surface ships
21.4.3 Aircraft
21.4.4 Helicopters
21.4.5 Helicopter rotors
21.5 Various advantages and limitations of ceramic coatings
21.6 Conclusion
References
22 Advanced ceramics for anticorrosion and antiwear ceramic coatings
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Anticorrosion ceramic coatings
22.2.1 Solution corrosion
22.2.2 Hot corrosion
22.2.2.1 Diffusion coatings
22.2.2.2 Overlay coatings
22.2.2.3 Thermal barrier coatings
22.2.3 Nanocrystalline ceramic coatings
22.3 Antiwear ceramic coatings
22.3.1 Microarc oxidation
22.3.2 Laser cladding
22.3.3 Thermal spraying
22.3.4 Sol–gel method
22.4 Conclusions
References
23 Crystal structures for flexible photovoltaic application
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Estimation of structural stability of metal–organic framework by tolerance factors
23.3 Double perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites
23.4 Grain growth and defects in the metal–organic frameworks
23.5 Rietveld refinement of crystal structures for solar cell configuration
23.6 High-temperature annealing and abnormal improvement of conversion efficiencies
23.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
24 Ceramic materials for coatings: an introduction and future aspects
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Ceramic coating material selection
24.3 Ceramic coating materials
24.3.1 Aluminum oxide
24.3.2 Silicon carbide
24.3.3 Yttrium aluminum garnet
24.3.4 Rare-earth cerates and zirconocerate
24.3.5 Silicon nitride
24.3.6 Aluminum nitride
24.3.7 Titanium nitride
24.3.8 Barium titanate
24.4 Coating methods
24.5 Future aspects in ceramics
24.6 Conclusions
References
25 Development of an advanced flexible ceramic material from graphene-incorporated alumina nanocomposite
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ceramics
25.2.1 Properties of ceramics
25.2.2 Application of ceramics
25.3 Flexible ceramics or flexiramics
25.4 Graphene-incorporated alumina flexible nanocomposites
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 Carbon fiber reinforced ceramics: a flexible material for sophisticated applications
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fabrication and characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced ceramics
26.3 Microstructure and properties of carbon fiber reinforced ceramics
26.3.1 Microstructural studies
26.3.2 Nanomechanical studies on plan section of C/C composites
26.3.3 Statistical analysis of plan section nanomechanical properties of C/C composites by Weibull model
26.3.4 The nanomechanical studies on cross-section of C/C composites
26.3.5 The nanomechanical studies on carbon fiber
26.3.6 The tensile strength and failure studies on carbon fiber
26.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index