Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites for Structural Applications

Advanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications
Copyright
Contributors
Introduction
Climate emergency and the construction industry
Need for structural strengthening for structures
Fiber-reinforced polymers
Strengthening structures using FRP composites
Outline of the book
References
Polyester resins as a matrix material in advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
Introduction
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
Polyesters as matrix materials
Manufacture of polyester-based composites
Reinforcements for polyester-based composites
Applications of polymer-based composites
Traditional applications
Advanced polymers for new applications
Environmental considerations
Conclusion and future trends
Acknowledgments
References
Vinylester resins as a matrix material in advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
Introduction
Vinylester and other resins as matrix materials
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites as structural materials
Fatigue, creep, and other properties of structural composites
Creep
Operation in difficult environments
Flexibility of fabrication
Fire resistance
Cost issues
Chemistry and properties of vinylester resins as matrix materials
Applications of vinylester-based composites in civil engineering
Conclusion and future trends
References
Characteristics of a new class of lightweight and tailorable 3D fiber metal laminates
Introduction
Use of various metals in FMLs
Titanium-based FMLs
Steel and stainless steel-based FMLs
Use of nonconventional fibers in FMLs
Application of basalt fibers
Natural fiber-based FMLs
Magnesium-based FML
Current status of FML-related research
Recent advancement in FMLs
Hybrid-natural fiber FMLs
3D-FMLs
3D fabric architecture
True 3D fabric
Impact related 3D-FML studies
Improvement of the interface strength using nanoparticles
Future Trends
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Fiber-reinforced polymer types and properties
Fiber-reinforced polymer materials
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)
Aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP)
Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP)
Matrix of FRP
Properties of FRP
Strength-to-weight ratio
Stiffness
Mechanical properties
Durability properties
References
Liquid composite molding processes
Introduction
Process description
Resin transfer molding
Compression RTM
RTMLight
Resin infusion
Simulation and experimental observations
Theory
Material characterization
Rigid molds
Experimental observation
Simulation
Flexible molds
Experimental observation
Simulation
Quality and environmental influence
Current usage
Case studies
Domes of the Russian Orthodox cathedral in Paris [197-199]
Five mile road bridges #0071, #0087, #0171 [179,200]
I-565 highway bridge girder [188]
Future trends
Summary
References
Pultrusion of advanced composites
Introduction
Explanation
Technical principles and overview of pultrusion process
Raw materials used in the pultrusion of advanced composites
Introductory remarks
Reinforcement systems
Types and properties of fiber reinforcements
Available forms of fiber reinforcement
Matrix systems
Polymeric resins
Polymerization agents
Fillers
Additives
Philosophy in the development of pultruded advanced composites
Procedure
Pultrusion line equipment and manufacturing procedures
Technical specifications
Quality control
Variant processes
Implications
Types of pultruded advanced composites
Profiles
Reinforcing bars
Strengthening strips
Properties of pultruded advanced composites
Profiles
Reinforcing bars
Strengthening strips
Applications of pultruded advanced composites
Profiles
Applications
Connection technology
Reinforcing bars
Strengthening strips
Sustainability of pultruded advanced composites
Future trends
Summary
Sources of further information
References
Nanoindentation testing of epoxy polymer composites for fiber-reinforced applications
Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Future trends and advice
Investigation of creep properties of polymer nanocomposites
Evaluation of hardness of Epon 862 polymer nanocomposites at high temperatures using nanoindentation
Viscoelastic parameters from nanomechanical properties
Applying machine learning to analyze the data extracted from the nanoindentation
Acknowledgments
References
Understanding and predicting stiffness in advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for structural a
Introduction
General aspects of composite stiffness
Understanding lamina stiffness
The representative volume element (RVE)
Generalized Hookes law
Material symmetry: Orthotropic, transversely isotropic, and isotropic materials
Micromechanical analysis of a Lamina
Strength of materials approximations
Effective axial modulus, E1
Effective axial Poissons ratio, nu12
Effective transverse modulus, E2
Effective longitudinal shear modulus, G12
Effective density, ρ
Improvements to the strength of materials approximations
Halpin-Tsai equations
Continuous approaches
Solutions based on the theory of elasticity
Mori-Tanaka model
Generalized self-consistent model
Bridging model
Comparing micromechanical models with experimental data
Stiffness and compliance transformations
Laminate plate and shell stiffness: Classical lamination theory (CLT)
Laminate code
Strain-displacement relationships
Stress-strain relationships and transformation by rotation
In-plane forces and bending moments per unit length
Properties of different types of laminate
Symmetrical laminates
Specially orthotropic laminates
Cross-ply laminates
Angle-ply laminates
Balanced laminates
Quasi-isotropic laminates
Master ply concept
Micromechanics analysis of master ply concept
Application example of the master ply concept
In-plane and flexural engineering constants of a laminate
Examples
An image-driven approach for measuring laminate stiffness
White-light optical techniques in solid mechanics
2D digital image correlation
Grid method
Inverse identification methods
Conclusions and future trend
Sources of further information and advice
References
Understanding the durability of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for structural application
Introduction
Structure and processing of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
Fibers
Polymer matrices
Interfacial areas
Manufacturing processes
Applications of FRP composites in civil engineering
External FRP strengthening systems
Internal reinforcement of concrete structures
All structural members
Durability concerns
Physical aging: Mechanisms and stabilization techniques
Structural reorganization
Solvent absorption
Loss of additives
Stabilization against physical aging
Mechanisms of chemical aging: Introduction
Changes of side-groups
Random vs selective chain scissions
Random chain scissions in linear polymers
Random chain scissions in networks
Simultaneous random chain scissions and cross-linking
Effects of post-curing
Mechanisms of chemical aging: Reaction-diffusion coupling
Reaction-diffusion coupling in composite laminates
Mechanisms of chemical aging: Hydrolytic processes
Hydrolysis-induced osmotic cracking
Mechanisms of chemical aging: Oxidation processes
Initiation of oxidation: Initiation at a constant rate (case 1)
Initiation of oxidation: Initiation by decomposition of peroxides (case 2)
Prediction of polymer oxidizability
Oxidation-induced spontaneous cracking
Chemical aging: Stabilization techniques
Fiber and interfacial degradation
Corrosion of glass fibers
Corrosion of glass fibers in acidic environments
Corrosion of glass fibers in neutral aqueous solutions
Corrosion of glass fibers in alkaline media
Corrosion of aramid and carbon fibers
Interfacial degradation
Flammability of FRP composites
Combustion principles
Flammability of polymer composites
Time-to-ignition
Limiting oxygen index
Heat released rate
Spread of flames
Improving the fire retardancy of FRP composites
Fire-retardant fillers
Flame-retarded matrices
Nanoparticles
Protective coatings
Mineral matrices
Structural integrity of FRP composites exposed to fire
Conclusion and future trends
Sources of further information and advice
Standard test methods
References
Testing of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials and structures
Introduction
Tests to characterize the mechanical properties of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) material
Coupon tests in accordance with standards and other guidance documents
Nonstandard tests for profile coupons
Tests to characterize the flexural, torsional, buckling, and collapse responses of pultruded GFRP structural grade ...
Flexural response of pultruded GFRP beams
Torsion testing of pultruded GFRP beams
Lateral buckling of pultruded GFRP beams
Buckling and collapse of columns
Tests to characterize the stiffness and strength of pultruded GFRP joints
Tests on plate-to-plate joints in tension
Tests on beam-to-column and column-to-base joints
Bolted splice joints in beams
Tests on pultruded GFRP sub- and full-scale structures
Tests on substructures
Tests on full-scale structures
Conclusion
Brief selection of further information and advice
Acknowledgments
References
Nanofiber interleaving in fiber-reinforced composites for toughness improvement
Introduction
Origins of interlaminar matrix delamination and its importance in structural composites
Classification of strategies to mitigate delamination
Interleaving for toughness improvement
Fracture mechanics: Mode I and Mode II
Low-velocity impact and damage tolerance
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Design of fiber-reinforced polymer for strengthening structures
Introduction
Choice of materials for design
Modes of failure
Structural analysis for design
Basis of design
Design guidance
References
Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites to enhance seismic response of existing structures
Introduction
Seismic behavior of existing RC structures
Damage under action of actual earthquakes
Hysteretic response of existing nonseismic designed RC structures
RC columns
Beam-column joints
Shear walls
FRP-retrofitting systems to enhance the seismic response of RC structures
FRP-jacketing system
Longitudinal FRP strengthening system
Hybrid retrofitting technique (longitudinal FRP+ FRP-jacketing system)
Proposed damage-controllable performance of FRP-retrofitted structures
Acceptable damage zones in RC structures (bridges and buildings)
Seismic performance objectives and limit states
Measures for structural function recovery after earthquake
Seismic response of FRP-retrofitted RC structures
FRP-RC bridges
FRP-jacketed RC bridge columns
Postyielding response
Lap-splice deficient columns
Shear deficient columns
Flexural deficient columns
Residual deformations
Recoverability after earthquake
NSM FRP rebars and FRP confinement to strengthen RC bridges columns
Force-displacement relationship
Residual deformation
FRP-retrofitted beam-column joint in RC bridges
In-situ CFRP-retrofitted RC bridges
Force-displacement relationship
Residual deformations
Structural performance levels of the FRP-RC bent
FRP-RC buildings
FRP-retrofitted beam-column joints
Retrofitting schemes and general response
Structural performance levels of FRP-RC exterior/interior beam-column joints
FRP-retrofitted columns
FRP-retrofitted moment-resisting frames
Two-dimensional portal frame under vertical concentrated loads and horizontal cyclic loads
Two-dimensional retrofitted FRP-RC frames under dynamic actions
FRP jacketing system
A hybrid retrofit technique (NSM-FRP retrofit system)
Three-dimensional retrofitted FRP-RC frames under dynamic actions
FRP-retrofitted shear walls
Retrofitting schemes
General response of FRP-retrofitted shear walls
Summary and future trends
References
Further reading
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) for civil engineering applications
Historical perspective
Physical and chemical effects of fibers in concrete
Workability of the mixes
Hydration and shrinkage of FRC
Durability of fiber reinforced cement-based materials
Mechanical effects of fibers in concrete
Strength and stiffness
Toughness and impact resistance
Special applications of FRC and future trends
Steel fibers
Synthetic fibers
Natural fibers
Hybrid high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
Development of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)
Other emerging applications
Case studies
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials in bridge engineering: Materials, properties and ...
Introduction
The combination of FRP composites with other materials to form hybrid systems
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials used in bridge engineering
The matrix material
The fiber material
In-service and physical properties of FRP composites used in bridge engineering
The influence of temperature on polymers
The long-term in-service properties of the thermosetting polymers
FRP bridge enclosures
FRP bridge decks
The construction of the FRP bridge deck
The rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PC) bridge beams using external FRP plate ...
The rehabilitation of RC bridge beams in flexure using unstressed FRP plates
The rehabilitation of PC bridge beams in flexure using unstressed FRP plates
The rehabilitation of RC and PC bridge beams in flexure using stressed FRP plates
The flexural strengthening of RC bridge beams by the technique of near surface mounted (NSM) FRP rods
FRP rebars/grids and tendons as an alternative to steel for reinforcing concrete beams in highway bridges
FRP rebars or grids for reinforcing concrete
FRP tendons for prestressed concrete
Seismic retrofit of columns and shear strengthening of RC bridge structures
Seismic retrofit of columns
Shear strengthening of RC bridge structures
Conclusion and future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
Further reading
Applications of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in bridge engineering: Rehabilitation of m
Introduction
The rehabilitation of metallic bridge beams
The rehabilitation of metallic bridge beams using unstressed FRP plates
The rehabilitation of metallic bridge beams using stressed FRP plates
Joining of concrete, metallic and FRP composite components
Concrete adherents
Metal adherents
FRP composite adherents
Composite patch repair for metallic bridge structures
All-fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bridge superstructure
Spain
Russia
New bridge construction with hybrid systems
Hybrid columns
Hybrid bridge beams
Conclusion and future trends
Sources of further information and advice
Regulatory/trade/professional bodies
Professional bodies
References
Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials for sustainable energy technologies
Introduction: Current use of composite materials in sustainable energy technology
Introduction to advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites
Recently developed polymers
The use of nanoparticles in composites
Nano-fibers
Nano-plates
In-service requirements of advanced FRP composites for sustainable energy applications
Land environments
Seawater environments
Space environment
Manufacture of FRP composite materials for sustainable energy systems
Wet lay-up
Resin infusion technology
Prepreg technology
SPRINT technology
Film-stacking technology under elevated temperature and pressure
Pultrusion
Composite materials/fabrication techniques used for wind turbines
Introduction
Wind turbine blade construction
Fabrication techniques for the manufacture of the molds for wind turbine blades
Composite materials/fabrication techniques used to form the blades of the Aerogenerator system
The QuietRevolution wind turbine
Composite materials/fabrication techniques to form the columns of the wind turbines
Repair and maintenance of wind turbine blades
Recycling of wind turbine blades
Composite materials/fabrication techniques for tidal energy power generators
Introduction
Composite materials/fabrication techniques used to form the blades of the SeaGen generator
The Atlantis tidal generator
Composite materials/fabrication techniques used to form the blades of the Pulse Tidal generator
Composite materials/fabrication techniques for solar energy applications
Introduction
Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites
Rigid deployable skeleton support structure for the solar collectors
Rigidised inflatable flexible continuum support structure for the solar collectors
Composite materials/fabrication techniques for deployable skeletal support systems for earth based solar panels g ...
Conclusion and future trends
Observations
Sources of further information and advice
Acknowledgments
References
Sustainable energy production: Key material requirements
General introduction
A definition of sustainable energy
Introduction to wind turbines
The two types of wind turbine
The advantages and disadvantages of using wind turbine energy
Introduction to hydropower
Types of hydro-generators
The types of tidal energy power generators
The advantages and disadvantages of tidal renewable energy
Wave energy
Introduction to solar power
Introduction
Earth-based solar power (EBSP) technology
The space-based solar power (SBSP) method
The rigid deployable skeletal structure to support the solar collectors
The rigidized inflatable flexible continuum structure to support the solar collectors
Introduction to biomass and geothermal energies
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Improving the performance of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites using nanoclay
Introduction
Materials and fabrication
Materials
Dispersion of nanoclay and fabrication of CFRPCs
Experimental
Static test
Fatigue test
Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test
Result and discussion
Static flexural behavior
Fatigue life assessment
Fatigue test result
Weibull distribution analysis
Goodness-of-fit test
Failure probability and prediction of fatigue life
Stiffness degradation
Residual fatigue properties
Fracture toughness assessment
Load displacement behavior
Critical interlaminar fracture characterization
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the rehabilitation of timber and concrete structu
Introduction
Composite rehabilitation systems
Materials
Structural adhesives
APC materials
Systems/applications
Design/regulations
Case studies
Reinforcement of connections between structural elements
Repair of deteriorated structural timber members
Flexural reinforcement of a concrete structure
Case applications
Bridge column axial rehabilitation
Concrete dam structural reinforcement
Flexural reinforcement of several building floors
Beam reinforcement and column reinforcement in a Football Stadium
Viaduct structural reinforcement
Flexural reinforcement of historic timber flooring systems
Casa Museo Lope de Vega
Museo Casa Natal de Cervantes
Metallic and masonry structures
Metallic structures
Masonry structures
Performance and durability
Performance
Materials selection
Adhesively bonded CRS
Adherends pretreatment
Bonded joint fabrication
Quality control
In-service monitoring
Durability
Environment
Temperature
Moisture
Chemical fluids
Materials
Surface preparation
Age of surface
Influence of wood species
Treated wood
Mechanical actions
Conclusion and future trends
Materials
Bond performance
Bond durability
Quality control/in-service monitoring
Sources of further information and advice
Adhesives
Concrete structures
Timber structures
Miscellaneous
Joint design
Concrete structures (design codes, specifications, and books)
Concrete structures (manufacturers design manuals)
Timber structures
Miscellaneous
Adherends pretreatment
Books
Standards
Bonded joint fabrication/quality control
Books
Standards
Performance and durability
Books
Standards
Systems/applications
Books
Standards
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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