Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change: Design Principles for Climate Emergencies

Cover
Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
Untitled
1 Introduction to adapting the built environment for climate change
1.1 Signs of a climate emergency ahead
1.2 The irreversible need for the adaptation of the built environment to climate emergency
1.3 Outline of the book
Acknowledgments
References
2 A framework for risk assessment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of risk assessment
2.2.1 Definitions for complex risk
2.2.2 IPCC risk assessment framework
2.3 Risks derived from climate change to cities: hazards and perspectives
2.3.1 Direct hazards
2.3.1.1 Heat waves and the urban heat island
2.3.1.2 Urban flooding
2.3.1.3 Droughts
2.3.2 Other dynamic hazards
2.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 Scenarios for urban resilience—perspective on climate change resilience at the end of the 21st century of a photovoltaic-...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Different scenarios of climate changes
3.2.2 The mixed-use energy community
3.2.3 Settings of the model in TRNSYS
3.3 Results and discussion
3.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4 Urban resilience through green infrastructure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Key components for sustainable, livable, and resilient cities through green infrastructure
4.2.1 Urban ecological resilience
4.2.2 Urban water resilience
4.2.3 Urban climate resilience
4.2.4 Urban social resilience
4.3 Access, design, and implementation of green infrastructure
4.4 Strategies and policies for building city resilience
4.5 Concluding remarks
References
5 Climate-resilient transportation infrastructure in coastal cities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Climate change resilience of transportation infrastructure
5.3 Quantifying resilience to climate change and coastal flooding
5.3.1 Assessing present and future coastal flood risk
5.3.2 Assessing the consequences of exposure
5.4 Achieving climate resilience through adaptation
5.4.1 Adaptation decision-making frameworks
5.4.2 Scales of adaptation
5.4.3 Increasing robustness
5.4.4 Increasing rapidity
5.4.5 Increasing redundancy
5.4.6 Increasing eesourcefulness
5.5 Valuing climate resilient infrastructure
5.5.1 Adapting equitably
5.6 Conclusion and future trends
References
Further reading
6 Climate change risks and bridge design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Climate change projections and uncertainties
6.3 Climate change risks to bridges
6.3.1 Accelerated material degradation
6.3.2 Increased long-term deformations
6.3.3 Higher local scour rates
6.3.4 Additional demands on thermal deformation capacity and higher risk of thermally induced stresses
6.3.5 Higher risks from extreme natural events
6.4 Design of bridges in a changing climate
6.4.1 Stage 1: Importance rating
6.4.2 Stage 2: Identification of potential climate change risks
6.4.3 Stage 3: Analysis of potential climate change risks
6.4.4 Stage 4: Design strategy selection
6.4.5 Stage 5: Evaluating the final design
6.5 Challenges and research needs
6.5.1 Data availability and uncertainty
6.5.2 Challenges related to final design evaluation
Acknowledgments
References
7 Resilience of concrete infrastructures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concrete resilience
7.3 Resilience
7.3.1 Loss model
7.3.2 Prolongation of travel
7.3.3 Connectivity loss
7.3.4 Recovery model
7.4 A case study
7.4.1 Calculation
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Challenges surounding  climate resilience on transportation infrastructures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conceptual framework
8.3 Literature review
8.4 Road transport infrastructure
8.5 Railway transport infrastructure
8.6 Airport infrastructure
8.7 Port infrastructure
8.8 Research methodology
8.8.1 Issues in seeking to achieve climate resilience
8.9 Case studies
8.9.1 Europe
8.9.2 Asia
8.9.3 Africa
8.9.4 Latin America
8.9.5 North America
8.9.6 Australia and New Zealand
8.10 Discussion
8.11 Conclusion and future direction
References
9 A worldwide survey of concrete service life in various climate zones
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Backgrounds
9.3 Climate
9.4 Service life prediction
9.5 Results
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Effect of global warming on chloride resistance of concrete: a case study of Guangzhou, China
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Temperatures and relative humidity: past and future
10.3 Chloride diffusion models
10.4 Results and discussion
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Resilient cooling of buildings to protect against heatwaves and power outages
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methodology
11.2.1 Data collection
11.2.2 Data processing
11.2.3 Development of a definition
11.2.4 Focus group and follow-up-discussions
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Resilience against what?
11.3.2 Resilience: at which scale? And for how long?
11.3.3 Definition of “resilient cooling for buildings”
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 Climate change and building performance: pervasive role of climate change on residential building behavior in different ...
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Effects of climate change on building behavior: summary results from the literature
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Climate data generator
12.2.2 Energy software for dynamic building simulation
12.2.3 The case study
12.3 Results and discussions
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Climate-responsive architectural and urban design strategies for adapting to extreme hot events
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Climate change and extreme hot events
13.1.2 Necessary to use climate-responsive design strategies for adapting to extreme hot events
13.2 Climate-responsive architectural design strategies for extreme hot events
13.2.1 Effectiveness of climate-responsive architectural design strategies in different climates
13.2.2 Effectiveness of climate-responsive architectural design strategies in the subtropical climate
13.2.3 Shading and ventilation design strategies for buildings in subtropical high-density cities
13.3 Urban adaptive design strategies in responding to extreme hot events
13.3.1 Effectiveness of cooling materials for mitigating urban heat island
13.3.2 Urban geometry design for ventilation and shading
13.3.2.1 Urban geometry and ventilation
13.3.2.2 Urban geometry and shading
13.3.3 Urban greenery design for cooling city
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Resilience of green roofs to climate change
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Built environment and urban transition
14.1.2 Nature-based solutions toward circular cities
14.2 Green roof as engineered system
14.2.1 Green roof classification
14.2.2 Green roof layers
14.3 Buildup green roof resilience through value
14.3.1 Environmental value
14.3.1.1 Air quality enhancement
14.3.1.2 Carbon sequestration
14.3.1.3 Biodiversity promotion
14.3.1.4 Stormwater management
14.3.1.5 Acoustic insulation and noise reduction
14.3.2 Social value
14.3.2.1 Esthetic integration
14.3.2.2 Well-being and life quality
14.3.2.3 Rooftop gardens
14.3.3 Economic value
14.3.3.1 Life span extension
14.3.3.2 Energetic efficiency
14.3.3.3 Energy production
14.3.3.4 Real-state valorization
14.3.3.5 Business development
14.4 How to increase green roofs’ resilience to water scarcity?
14.4.1 Vegetation
14.4.2 Substrates
14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Permeable concrete pavements for a climate change resilient built environment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Properties of permeable concrete
15.2.1 Composition and mix design
15.2.2 Pore structure
15.2.3 Permeability
15.2.4 Strength
15.2.5 Durability
15.3 Factors controlling the performance of permeable concrete
15.3.1 Cement content and water/cement (w/c) ratio
15.3.2 Aggregates
15.3.3 Additives
15.3.4 Chemical admixtures
15.3.5 Compaction and placement
15.4 Clogging
15.4.1 Laboratory studies
15.4.2 Field investigations
15.4.3 Unclogging maintenance methods
15.5 Current state-of-the-art in permeable concrete pavements
References
16 Building design in the context of climate change and a flood projection for Ankara
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Climate change and its effects
16.2.1 Climate change effects on buildings
16.3 Climate change flood risk analysis and effects on buildings
16.4 Case study about a “flood” risk analysis in Ankara
16.5 Future trends
Acknowledgments
References
17 Amphibious housing as a sustainable flood resilient solution: case studies from developed and developing cities
17.1 Climate change and flood vulnerability
17.2 Research methodology
17.3 Adaptive techniques to combat flash floods: a comparative analysis
17.4 Amphibious housing: origin and development
17.5 Amphibious living: the Dutch experience
17.6 Amphibious living: the Thai experience
17.6.1 Flash floods in Thailand
17.6.2 Amphibious houses of Thailand
17.7 Amphibious living: the Jamaican experience
17.7.1 Flood prone areas of Bliss Pastures and Port Maria
17.7.2 Amphibious houses of Jamaica
17.8 Comparative analysis
17.9 Conclusion
References
18 Nature-based solutions and sponge city for urban water management
Acronyms
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The study methodology
18.2.1 The data collection and analysis
18.2.2 Screening and eligibility
18.2.3 Quantitative analysis: a bibliometric analysis
18.2.4 Thematic analysis
18.2.5 Interviews for sponge city topic
18.3 The review of nature-based solutions to tackle water-related issues
18.3.1 The general statistical analysis and bibliometric analysis of publications of NBS on urban water issues
18.3.2 Thematic analysis
18.4 The discussion of sponge city as part of nature-based solutions
18.4.1 Bibliometric analysis of sponge city publications
18.4.2 Thematic analysis of sponge city publications
18.4.3 The relationships between sponge city and nature-based solutions on urban water management
18.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
Appendix
References
Index