Originally published in 1993, Active Lavas looks at the practical aspects of monitoring uncontrolled streams of molten rock and how field data can be applied for theoretical modelling and forecasting the growth of lava flows. It describes the basic features of common subaerial lava flows and domes – both on Earth and on other bodies in the Solar System – before discussing the logistics of measuring lava properties during eruption and how these measurements are used to develop simple theoretical models for forecasting flow behaviour.
Author(s): Christopher R.J. Kilburn, Giuseppe Luongo
Series: Routledge Revivals
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 387
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Original Title
Original Copyright
Contents
Preface
Dedication
Contributors' addresses
Part I Morphology
Preface
1 The emplacement of silicic lava flows and associated hazards
Introduction
Styles of silicic lava emplacement
Dynamics of silicic flow advance
Endogeneous explosive activity associated with silicic lava flows
Summary
2 The blocky andesitic lava flows of Arenal volcano, Costa Rica
Introduction
Field observations of active Arenal lava flows
The birthplace of a lava flow: description of the active crater
The elementary lava flow: descriptions of the unit flow
The multiple lava flow: descriptions of the composite flow
The product of an eruptive episode: description of the lava field
The structure of the volcano: description of the lava armor
Interpretation of geological features
Distribution of unit flows, composite flows and lava fields
Monitoring future flows and hazard determination
Morphometry
Volcanic hazards
Summary of conclusions
3 Aa lavas of Mount Etna, Sicily
Introduction
Planimetric shapes of aa flow fields
Arterial flows
Channel lava and surface structures
Lava levees
Lava tubes
Flow fronts
Ground heating
Dangers from aa flows
Crustal behaviour and flow emplacement
Lava flow facies
Conclusions
4 Extraterrestrial lava flows
Introduction
The Moon
Mars
Venus
Io
Summary
Part II Monitoring
Preface
5 Field observation of active lava in Hawaii: some practical considerations
Introduction
Field observation of moving lava
Eruptive vents
Lava lakes
Lava flows
Collection of lava samples
Safety precautions when working around active lava
Concluding remarks
6 Measuring the properties of flowing lavas
Introduction
Measurement methods
Properties to be measured
Equipment design
Temperatures of lava flows
Rheological properties of lavas
Density
Survey methods
Measurements of the internal dimensions of channels
Velocity profiles and effusion rates
Discussion
7 Convection heat transfer rates in molten lava
Introduction
Non-Newtonian lava rheology
Rates of convection heat transfer
Applications to lava flows
Conclusions
8 Remote sensing of active lava
Introduction
Why lava flows are difficult to handle
What is remote sensing?
The physics of thermal remote sensing
Examples of remote sensing of active lava
Remote sensing strategies for observing lava flows
Satellite data: where to get them, what to ask for, and what they cost
Conclusions
Part III Modelling
Preface
9 Modelling the rheology and cooling of lava flows
Introduction
The rheology of lava
Factors controlling rheology
Surface effects
Flow modelling
Isothermal flow
Non-isothermal flow
Final remarks
Conclusions
Appendix. Constitutive equation
10 Lava crusts, aa flow lengthening and the pahoehoe-aa transition
Introduction
Lava crusts
Aa flow advance
The aa model
Application 1: length and discharge rate of Etnean aa lavas
Application 2: advance of pahoehoe and aa lavas
Conclusions
Appendix. Lava chilling
11 Thermal feedback mechanisms and their potential influence on the emplacement of lavas
Introduction
Viscous energy dissipation and thermal feedback in conduits
Thermal feedback in lava flows
Thermal feedback in solid flows
Conclusions
12 Cellular automata methods for modelling lava flows: simulation of the 1986-1987 eruption, Mount Etna, Sicily
Introduction
Cellular automata
Design of the simulation
Implementation and methodology
Simulation of the 1986-87 Etnean lava flow field
Conclusions
Appendix. Cellular automata algorithms
13 A short introduction to continuum mechanics
Introduction
Properties of continua
Kinematics
Tensors
Material derivatives
Instantaneous motion
Equations of motion
Rheology
Incompressible flow solutions
Concluding comments
Part IV Mediating
Preface
14 Interactions between scientists, civil authorities and the public at hazardous volcanoes
Introduction
Responsibilities of volcanologists during crises
Scientific studies of volcanoes: methods and motivation
Components of effective warning messages
An ideal scenario
Departures from the ideal scenario
Response to volcanic crises: selected case histories
Conclusions
Index
