A Natural History of Bat Foraging : Evolution, Physiology, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation

Front Cover
A Natural History of Bat Foraging
A Natural History of Bat Foraging: Evolution, Physiology, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
Contents
Contributors
Author biographies
1 - Introduction
References
2 - Foraging in the fossil record: Diet and behavior of the earliest bats
Introduction
Dental morphology and diet
Ancient bat dentitions and hypothesized diets
Fossilized stomach contents
Postcranial clues
Evolution of echolocation
Vision and nocturnality
Foraging strategies in ancient bats
Ecological and faunal diversity in the Eocene
References
3 - How the moth got its ears and other just-so stories in the history of bat–moth interactions
How the moth got its ears
How the moth got its voice
How the bat got its whisper
How the moth got its invisibility cloak
How the moth got its tail
Conclusion
References
4 - Sensory systems used by echolocating bats foraging in natural settings
Introduction
Echolocation
Sonar call structure and duty cycle
Nonlaryngeal echolocation
Sonar scene analysis
Auditory signals and ecological niche
Aerial hawking
Foraging over water
Gleaning for prey on substrates
Passive listening to the sounds of prey
Insectivores and prey counter strategies
Other bat sensory systems and specializations
Vision
Olfaction
Thermoreception
Airflow sensing for flight control
Conclusion
References
5 - Foraging strategies of echolocating bats
Introduction
Commuting behavior, search behavior, and social foraging
Foraging habitats
Habitat types
Foraging modes
Constraints that shape the foraging strategies of bats
Echolocation
Flight morphology
Foraging strategies of bats
Aerial hawking foraging strategy
Trawling foraging strategy
The passive gleaning foraging strategy of animalivorous bats
The active gleaning foraging strategy in animalivorous bats
Passive/active gleaning foraging strategy of phytophagous bats
Flutter detecting foraging strategy
Species using more than one strategy
Search and commuting behavior of foraging bats
Search behavior and social foraging in bats feeding on predictable prey
Search behavior and social foraging in bats feeding on ephemeral prey
Commuting behavior in bats
Outlook
References
6 - Foraging, movements, and diet habits of arid-zone dwelling bats
Introduction
Nightly movements
Seasonal movements
Temporal activity
Diet habits
Conclusions
References
Further reading
7 - Social foraging and information transfer
History of the study of social information use in bats
The cons of social foraging
Other types of social foraging in bats
Conclusions
References
8 - Insect migrations and the ecology, behavior, and population dynamics of bats
Introduction
Introduction to insect migration
A Insect migration increases the resource base for insectivorous bats
A.1 High population growth rates
A.2 High energy content
B Insect migrants may be disproportionately important to bats' diets
C Biomass may be more important than diversity in bat diets
Insect migrations and the ecosystem services of bats are intersecting areas of study
Insect migrations are predictable and linked to major life history features of bats
E.1 Reproduction
E.2 Migration or hibernation of bats
Behavior of bats changes in response to insect migrations
G Response to insect migrations may influence impacts of climate change on bat populations
Conclusions
References
9 - Bats as prey
Introduction
Bat responses to predation
Bat predation and nocturnality
Predators of bats
Birds
Mammals
Bats
Humans and primates
Reptiles
Other vertebrates
Invertebrates
Conclusions and suggestions for further research
Dedication and/or acknowledgments
References
10 - Energetics of foraging bats
Energy budgets and metabolism
Energy balance=energy in − energy out
Metabolic rate: Basal, resting, torpid, and flight
Energy required to get food
Flight and the power curve
Optimal flight speed theory and implications for foraging strategies
Variation in wing loading
Energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion
Cost of echolocation
Energy in food
Variation in diet composition
Refractory content and implications for the energetics of different diets
Rapidly accessing dietary energy
Spatial and temporal variation in the foodscape
Conclusion
References
11 - Bat migration and foraging: Energy-demanding journeys on tight budgets
Introduction
What species of bats migrate?
Resource fluctuations as a driver of migration
The energetics of migratory flights
Stopover behavior and torpor-assisted migration
Food for migration
Flight corridors
Open research questions
References
Further reading
12 - Microbiomes of bats
Gastrointestinal structure
Interactions between the gut microbiota and immune development
Host diet influences taxonomic composition of the microbiome
Interactions between microbiome functions and diet
Beyond bacteria: the “other” bat microbiome
Conclusions
References
13 - The diets of bats: Think outside the guild
Collapse of the traditional guild
Are insectivores a guild?
Case study 1: Antrozous pallidus, the scorpion eating bat that pollinates cacti
Are nectarivores a guild?
Case study 2: Glossophaga - the nectar bat that sneaks an insect snack
Are frugivores a guild?
Caste study 3: Widely distributed pteropodids
Are carnivores a guild?
Case study 4: Trachops the “frog eating” bat
Assemblage-wide assessment of diet in bats
A world with more omnivores?
References
14 - Bioaccumulation and foraging behavior
Introduction
Dietary exposure to contaminants
Dietary exposure to parasites
Interactions between foraging, contaminants, and parasitism
Direct health effects
Indirect health effects
Future research directions
Acknowledgments
Glossary
References
15 - Foraging-dependent ecosystem services
Introduction
Arthropod suppression
Pollination and seed dispersal
Ecosystem disservices
Conservation recommendations
References
16 - Conserving bats and their foraging habitats
Introduction
Threats to bat foraging
Conservation evidence
The benefits to human well-being of protecting where bats eat
Conservation initiatives targeting bat foraging
Restoring and conserving healthy habitat for nectarivorous bats, agaves, and people
Bat Conservation International's Agave Restoration Initiative
Gardening for bats
Conclusion
References
17 - Bat foraging: The next steps
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
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