60 Years of the Loeb-Sourirajan Membrane: Principles, New Materials, Modelling, Characterization, and Applications

60 Years of the Loeb-Sourirajan Membrane
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
About the editors
1 Ionic liquid–based membranes for gas separation
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Ionic liquids
1.1.2 Gas permeability of room-temperature ionic liquid–based membranes
1.1.2.1 CO2 solubility
1.1.2.2 Solubility selectivity of CO2 in room-temperature ionic liquids and permselectivity of CO2 through room-temperature...
1.1.2.3 CO2 diffusivity
1.2 Ionic liquid–based CO2 separation membranes
1.2.1 Supported ionic liquid membranes
1.2.2 Pressure-resistant ionic liquid–based membranes
1.2.2.1 Polymerized ionic liquid membranes
1.2.2.2 Ionic liquid–based gel membranes
1.2.2.3 Thin ion gel membrane
1.3 CO2-reactive ionic liquid–based facilitated-transport membranes
1.3.1 Design concepts of CO2-reactive ionic liquids and CO2 permeation mechanisms of CO2-reactive ionic liquid–based suppor...
1.3.2 Amine-functionalized ionic liquid–based supported ionic liquid membranes
1.3.3 Amino acid ionic liquid–based supported ionic liquid membranes
1.3.4 Supported ionic liquid membranes containing aprotic heterocyclic anion –based ionic liquids
1.3.5 Supported ionic liquid membranes containing ionic liquids with carboxylate anions
1.4 Ion gel membranes containing task-specific ionic liquids
1.4.1 Ion gel membranes containing amino acid ionic liquids and aprotic heterocyclic anion–based ionic liquids
1.4.2 Ion gel membranes with epoxy amine gel networks
1.5 Conclusion and remarks
References
2 Zwitterionic polymers in biofouling and inorganic fouling mechanisms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Zwitterionic membrane fabrication and characterization
2.2.1 Grafting processes for membrane modification
2.2.1.1 Grafting-from process
2.2.1.2 Grafting-onto process
2.2.2 Membrane modification by in situ modification
2.3 Zwitterionic polymers and inorganic fouling
2.3.1 Zwitterionic polymers and ionic interactions
2.3.2 Mineral scaling on ZI-modified membranes
2.4 Zwitterionic polymers and organic fouling
2.4.1 The Mechanisms of zwitterionic polymers’ resistance to organic fouling
2.4.2 The environmental conditions and organic foulants that influence zwitterionic polymers
2.5 Zwitterionic polymers and biofouling
2.5.1 Zwitterionic polymers and their interaction with prokaryotic cells
2.5.2 Zwitterionic polymers and their interaction with eukaryotic cells
2.6 Conclusions and further remarks
Acknowledgement
References
3 Recent advances in 3D printed membranes for water applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D printing technologies and classification
3.2.1 Directed energy deposition
3.2.2 Material jetting
3.2.3 Sheet lamination
3.2.4 Binder jetting
3.2.5 Material extrusion
3.2.6 Powder bed fusion
3.2.7 Vat Photopolymerization
3.2.8 Advantages and limitations of 3D printing methods
3.2.9 Role and trend of 3D printing in membrane technology for water applications
3.3 Applications of 3D printing in membrane technology
3.3.1 Membrane fabrication via direct 3D printing
3.3.2 Membrane surface modification via coating aided by 3D printing
3.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
4 A 15-year review of novel monomers for thin-film composite membrane fabrication for water applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Commercial thin-film composite membranes
4.3 Novel amine monomers
4.3.1 Monomers bearing only –NH2
4.3.2 Monomers Bearing –NH2/–OH and –OH/–SO3
4.3.3 Monomers bearing multiple—hydroxyl groups
4.3.4 Monomers for improved chlorine stability
4.4 Novel acyl chloride monomers
4.4.1 Monomers with single/dual COCl
4.4.2 Monomers with three COCls
4.4.3 Monomers with Multiple COCls
4.5 Comparison of novel thin-film composite membranes with commercial membranes
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Recent advances in high-performance membranes for vanadium redox flow battery
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The development of redox flow batteries
5.1.2 The essential role of membrane in a vanadium redox flow battery
5.2 Inorganic modification
5.2.1 Zero-dimensional nanoparticles
5.2.2 One-dimensional nanowires/nanotubes
5.2.3 Two-dimensional nanosheets/nanoplates
5.3 Organic modification
5.3.1 Covalent modification
5.3.2 Noncovalent modification
5.4 Summary and outlook
References
6 Membranes for vanadium-air redox flow batteries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General description
6.2.1 Working principles
6.2.2 Functional requirements of membranes
6.3 Membrane classifications
6.3.1 Commercial Nafion membranes
6.3.2 Other membranes
6.4 Mechanisms and influences of species crossover
6.4.1 Oxygen permeation
6.4.2 Vanadium ion crossover
6.4.3 Water transport
6.5 Performance-enhancing strategies for membranes
6.6 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
7 Carbon membrane for the application in gas separation: recent development and prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Designs of carbon membrane
7.2.1 Geometrical classifications
7.2.2 Precursor selection for carbon membrane
7.2.3 Preparation of polymeric membrane
7.2.4 Pyrolysis procedure
7.2.5 Methods for tuning the pore dimension
7.2.6 Module construction
7.3 Gas transport mechanism
7.4 Microstructure characterization
7.4.1 Raman
7.4.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
7.4.3 X-ray diffraction
7.4.4 Focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy
7.5 Overall performance review for each gas pair
7.5.1 Hydrogen purification
7.5.2 Carbon sequestration
7.5.3 Air separation
7.5.4 Natural gas sweetening
7.6 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
8 Metal-organic framework membranes for gas separation and pervaporation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fabrication of pure metal-organic framework membranes
8.3 Metal-organic framework membranes for gas separations
8.4 Computational efforts on metal-organic framework membranes for gas separations
8.5 Metal-organic framework membranes for pervaporation
8.6 Conclusions and outlook
References
9 Advanced ceramic membrane design for gas separation and energy application
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Micro-structured ceramic membranes
9.1.2 Phase inversion–assisted fabrication
9.1.3 Micro-channel formation and micro-structure tailoring
9.2 Oxygen-permeable membrane and membrane reactor
9.2.1 Oxygen transport in high-temperature ion conductors
9.2.2 Design of high-performance oxygen permeation membrane
9.2.2.1 Micro-tubes with an open-channel micro-structure design
9.2.2.2 Multichannel (micro-monolithic) design for highly robust oxygen permeation membrane
9.2.2.3 New bio-inspired design for next-generation oxygen separation
9.2.3 Catalytic reactor based on oxygen-permeable membrane
9.3 Ceramic membrane in energy applications
9.3.1 Solid oxide fuel cell
9.3.2 Coextrusion of functional membrane for high-performance micro-tubular-solid oxide fuel cells
9.3.3 New micro-monolithic solid oxide fuel cell and utilization of waste methane
9.3.3.1 Greenhouse gas abatement using ceramic fuel cells
9.3.3.2 Three-dimensional characterization of ceramic membrane
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Recent advances in lithium-ion battery separators with enhanced safety
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Self-shutdown separators
10.3 Mechanically strong separators
10.3.1 Increasing the tensile strength of separators
10.3.2 Increasing the puncture strength of separators
10.4 Nonflammable separators
10.4.1 Ceramic-coated fibrous separators
10.4.2 Separators with flame-retardant additives
10.5 All-solid-state electrolytes
10.5.1 Solid polymer electrolytes
10.5.2 Inorganic all-solid-state electrolytes
10.5.3 Composite organic–inorganic solid electrolytes
10.6 Future perspectives
References
11 Silicon-based subnanoporous membranes with amorphous structures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Development of subnanoporous membranes
11.2.1 Organosilica membranes
11.2.2 Silicon carbide–based membranes
11.2.3 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition membranes
11.3 Applications of membrane for gas phase separation
11.3.1 Application of silicon oxide–based membranes for gas separation
11.3.2 Application of silicon-based nonoxide membranes for gas separation
11.3.3 Application of membranes for high-temperature water vapor recovery
11.4 Applications of membranes for solvent separation
11.4.1 Evaluation of the separation energy of solvent mixture
11.4.2 Development and application of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes
11.4.3 Development and application of membranes for organic solvent reverse osmosis
11.5 Application to pervaporation
11.5.1 Pervaporation dehydration using organosilica membranes
11.5.2 Pervaporation of organic solvent mixtures
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes: metal–organic frameworks as emerging enhancers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microenhancers and nanoenhancers
12.3 Antifouling and antibacterial properties
12.4 Dye rejection
12.5 Other applications
12.6 Conclusions and future outlook
References
13 Zwitterion-modified membranes for water reclamation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of zwitterionic polymers
13.2.1 Polybetaines
13.2.2 Polyampholytes
13.3 Antifouling mechanisms of zwitterionic units in membranes
13.3.1 Classification of membrane foulants
13.3.2 Establishment of a hydration layer on the membrane surface
13.3.3 Steric hindrance effect
13.4 Preparation of zwitterion-modified membranes
13.4.1 Modification by blending of zwitterionic polymers
13.4.2 Modification by grafting
13.4.3 Modification by surface coating
13.4.4 Modification by surface quaternization
13.5 Applications of zwitterion-modified polymer membranes
13.5.1 Treatment of natural organic matter in water
13.5.2 Oily wastewater treatment
13.5.3 Textile wastewater treatment
13.5.4 Desalination
13.6 Conclusion and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
14 Modelling of spiral-wound membrane for gas separation: current developments and future direction
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Construction and flow configuration of spiral-wound membrane
14.3 Modelling strategies
14.3.1 One-dimensional model
14.3.2 Two-dimensional model
14.3.3 Three-dimensional model
14.3.4 Summary of the mathematical models for spiral-wound membrane
14.4 Challenges and future direction in modelling of spiral-wound membrane in gas separation
14.4.1 Multicomponent separation
14.4.2 Effect of pressure drop in feed and permeate channel
14.4.3 Effect of heat transfer within the module
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Modelling flow and mass transfer inside spacer-filled channels for reverse osmosis membrane modules
15.1 Introduction
15.2 One-dimensional model
15.3 Two-dimensional model
15.4 Three-dimensional model
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
16 Transport model-based prediction of polymeric membrane filtration for water treatment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Transport phenomena-based models
16.2.1 Osmotic pressure-based models
16.2.1.1 One-dimensional film theory
16.2.1.2 Two-dimensional mass transfer boundary layer model
16.2.1.3 Flow through a rectangular channel
16.2.1.4 A detailed two-dimensional model including the pore flow modelling applicable for nanofiltration
16.3 Gel layer–controlled mechanism
16.3.1 Transient one-dimensional gel layer controlling model coupled with film theory
16.3.2 Transient one-dimensional gel layer–controlling model coupled with a pore flow transport
16.3.3 Modelling of mixed matrix membranes
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Molecular modelling and simulation of membrane formation
17.1 Molecular modelling and simulation
17.1.1 Introduction
17.1.2 Types of simulation methods
17.1.2.1 Electronic scale methods
17.1.2.2 Atomistic-scale methods
17.1.2.2.1 Molecular dynamics simulation
17.1.2.2.2 Monte carlo simulation
17.1.2.3 Meso-scale methods
17.1.2.3.1 Dissipative particle dynamics
17.1.2.3.2 Coarse-grained methods
17.1.3 Section conclusions
17.2 Modelling and simulations of membrane formation
17.2.1 Phase separation
17.2.1.1 Thermally induced separation
17.2.1.2 Nonsolvent-induced phase separation
17.2.1.3 Polymerization-induced phase separation
17.2.2 Dry casting
17.2.3 Interfacial polymerization
17.3 Modelling and simulation on hollow-fiber membrane
17.3.1 Physical mass transfer model
17.3.2 Dissipative particle dynamics
17.3.3 Finite element method
17.4 Simulation and modelling in membrane design
17.4.1 Graphene and two-dimensional carbon material
17.4.2 Zeolite imidazolate framework and metal-organic membranes
17.5 Future trends in molecular simulations of membrane formation
References
18 Advanced characterization of membrane surface fouling
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Modelling of surface fouling
18.2.1 Filtration laws
18.2.2 Compression of surface foulant layer
18.2.3 Maturation and retardation of surface foulant layer
18.2.4 Concentration polarization boundary layer
18.3 Online characterization of surface fouling
18.3.1 Direct observation
18.3.2 Optical coherence tomography
18.3.3 Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
18.3.4 Raman spectroscopy
18.3.5 Fluorescence spectroscopy
18.3.6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
18.3.7 Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation
18.3.8 Surface plasmon resonance
18.3.9 Light sheet fluorescence microscopy
18.4 Offline characterization of surface fouling
18.4.1 Microscopic methods
18.4.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy
18.4.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
18.4.1.3 Atomic force microscope
18.4.1.4 Confocal laser scanning microscopy
18.4.2 Spectroscopic methods
18.4.2.1 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
18.4.2.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
18.4.2.3 Solid-phase UV–vis spectroscopy
18.4.2.4 Solid-phase fluorescence spectroscopy
18.4.2.5 Infrared spectroscopy and mapping
18.4.2.6 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
18.4.2.7 Raman imaging
18.4.2.8 Nuclear magnetic resonance
18.4.2.9 X-ray diffraction
18.4.2.10 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
18.4.3 Other methods
18.4.3.1 Contact angle
18.4.3.2 Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
18.4.4 Further data mining via statistical analysis
18.5 Characterization of extracts from the surface foulant layer
18.5.1 Extraction of surface foulants
18.5.2 Chemical composition
18.5.3 Physicochemical properties
18.5.4 Spectroscopic properties
18.5.5 Chromatography
18.5.5.1 Size-exclusion chromatography
18.5.5.2 Reversed-phase chromatography
18.5.5.3 Chromatography and mass spectrometry
18.5.5.4 Asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation
18.5.6 Biological properties
18.5.6.1 Adenosine triphosphate content
18.5.6.2 Microbial community structure
18.5.6.3 16S RNA sequence
18.5.6.4 Metagenomics
18.6 Concluding remarks
References
19 Reverse osmosis membrane fouling and its physical, chemical, and biological characterization
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Types of membrane fouling
19.2.1 Biofouling
19.2.1.1 Steps in biofilm formation
19.2.1.2 Factors affecting biofilm formation
19.2.2 Inorganic fouling/scaling
19.2.2.1 Stages in scale formation
19.2.2.2 Factors affecting scaling
19.2.3 Organic fouling
19.2.4 Colloidal/particulate fouling
19.3 Membrane fouling characterization
19.3.1 Microscopic techniques
19.3.1.1 Visual inspection: light microscopy
19.3.1.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy
19.3.1.3 Scanning electron microscopy
19.3.1.4 Atomic force microscopy
19.3.1.5 Other microscopic techniques
19.3.1.5.1 Epifluorescence microscopy
19.3.1.5.2 Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
19.3.1.5.3 Environmental scanning electron microscopy
19.3.1.5.4 Transmission electron microscopy
19.3.2 Spectroscopic and analytical techniques
19.3.2.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
19.3.2.2 X-ray diffraction
19.3.2.3 X-ray fluorescence
19.3.2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
19.3.2.5 Raman spectroscopy
19.3.2.6 Other techniques
19.3.2.6.1 Fluorometry techniques
19.3.2.6.2 Bioluminescence
19.3.2.6.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
19.3.2.6.4 Photoacoustic spectroscopy
19.3.2.6.5 Gravimetric analysis
19.3.2.6.6 Mass spectrometric and chromatographic techniques
19.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
20 Current status of ion exchange membranes for electrodialysis/reverse electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionizatio...
20.1 Ion exchange membranes in electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization systems for water demineralization
20.1.1 Introduction
20.1.2 Electrodialysis
20.1.2.1 Applications of electrodialysis
20.1.2.2 Electrodialysis membranes
20.1.2.2.1 Profiled electrodialysis membranes
20.1.2.2.2 Monovalent-selective electrodialysis membranes
20.1.2.2.3 Bipolar membranes for electrodialysis
20.1.2.2.4 Electrodialysis membranes with nanoparticles
20.1.3 Membrane capacitive deionization
20.1.3.1 Applications of membrane capacitive deionization
20.1.3.2 Membrane capacitive deionization membranes
20.1.3.2.1 Commercial membranes
20.1.3.2.2 Custom-made membranes
Homogeneous membranes
Pore-filling membranes
Composite electrodes with ion exchange property
Ion exchange membrane layers with nanoparticles
20.2 Ion exchange membranes for harvesting salinity gradient energy
20.2.1 Introduction
20.2.2 Reverse electrodialysis
20.2.3 Capacitive mixing
20.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
21 Reverse osmosis membrane scaling during brackish groundwater desalination
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Established theories for membrane-scaling formation
21.2.1 Scaling thermodynamics
21.2.2 Scaling kinetics
21.3 Membrane scaling in brackish groundwater desalination
21.3.1 Brackish groundwater quality
21.3.2 Scaling types and morphology
21.3.3 Effects of water quality on mineral scaling
21.3.4 Relationships between membrane scaling and permeate flux
21.4 Control strategies for membrane scaling
21.4.1 Feedwater pretreatment
21.4.2 Antiscalants
21.4.3 Operation mode of reverse osmosis system
21.4.4 Scaling-resistant reverse osmosis membrane
21.5 Future challenges for mineral-scaling control
References
22 Ceramic membrane in a solid oxide fuel cell–based gas sensor
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Research progress on ceramic membrane
22.3 Issues in developing a micro-solid oxide fuel cell methane sensor
22.4 High temperature O-ring in a fuel cell testing station
22.4.1 Current situation
22.4.2 O-ring characteristics
22.4.3 O-ring performance and thermally resistive filler
22.5 Micro-solid oxide fuel cell methane sensor
22.5.1 Current situation
22.5.2 Sensor development overview
22.5.3 Design and character of the sensor
22.5.4 Sensor development
22.5.4.1 Calibration of methane concentration
22.5.4.2 Measurement of methane concentration in biogas using gas chromatography
22.5.4.3 Sensor performance
22.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index