This book provides, at a high level and in a tractable fashion, a description of how wireless communications are achieved in the latest smartphones. The author shows how smartphones communicate via three separate systems, namely 5G NR, Wi-Fi 6, and Bluetooth Low Energy 5. He explains how 5G NR allows mobile voice and high-speed data communication, how Wi-Fi allows smartphone attachment to the Internet independent of 5G NR, and how Bluetooth allows smartphone attachment to speakers, in-car entertainment systems, smart watches, etc. This text explains the key basic technologies employed and then addresses how each system operates. This book is of interest to anyone with a rudimentary scientific understanding who desires to know more at an intuitive level rather than rigorous one how smartphones achieve wireless communications.
Author(s): Douglas H. Morais
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 190
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: 5G NR, Wi-Fi 6, and Bluetooth LE 5 Introduction
1.1 Smartphone Wireless Communications
1.2 A Brief History of Mobile Access
1.3 A Brief History of Wi-Fi
1.4 A Brief History of Bluetooth
1.5 Smartphone GPS Overview
1.6 Summary
Chapter 2: Data Communication Systems Protocol Stacks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 TCP/IP
2.2.1 Application Layer Protocol (Layer 5)
2.2.2 Transport Layer Transmission Control Protocol (Layer 4)
2.2.3 Transport Layer User Datagram Protocol (Layer 4)
2.2.4 Internet Layer Protocol (Layer 3)
2.2.5 Data Link Layer Protocol (Layer 2)
2.2.6 Physical Layer Protocol (Layer 1)
2.3 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3: The Wireless Path
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Propagation Over a Mobile Path
3.2.1 Antennas
3.2.2 Free Space Loss
3.2.3 Line-of-Sight Non-Faded Received Signal Level
3.2.4 Fading Phenomena
3.2.4.1 Fresnel Zones
3.2.4.2 Reflection
3.2.4.3 Diffraction
3.2.4.4 Scattering
3.2.4.5 Rain Attenuation and Atmospheric Absorption
3.2.4.6 Penetration Loss
3.2.5 Signal Strength Versus Frequency Effects
3.2.5.1 Introduction
3.2.5.2 Frequency Selective Fading
3.2.6 NLOS Path Analysis Parameters
3.2.6.1 Mean Path Loss
3.2.6.2 Shadowing
3.2.6.3 Multipath Fading
3.2.6.4 Doppler Shift Fading
3.2.6.5 Millimeter Wave Communications
3.2.6.6 Path Loss Models
3.3 Propagation Over Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Paths
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Digital Modulation: The Basic Principles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Baseband Data Transmission
4.3 Linear Modulation
4.3.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation
4.3.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
4.3.3 Pi/2 BPSK
4.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
4.3.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
4.3.6 High-Order 22n-QAM
4.4 Non-Linear Modulation: GFSK
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Channel Coding and Link Adaptation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Error Detection: Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Codes
5.3 Forward Error Correction Codes
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Block Codes
5.3.3 Classical Parity Check Block Codes
5.3.4 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes
5.3.4.1 Encoding of Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes
5.3.4.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes
5.3.5 Binary Convolution Coding
5.3.6 Puncturing
5.4 Block Interleaving
5.5 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
5.6 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
5.7 Link Adaptation
5.8 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Channel Usage Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
6.2.1 OFDM Basics
6.2.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
6.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
6.4 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM)
6.5 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Multiple Antenna Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spatial Diversity Multiple Antenna Techniques
7.2.1 Space-Time Block Coding
7.3 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
7.3.1 MIMO Basic Principles
7.3.2 Antenna Array Adaptive Beam Shaping
7.3.3 MIMO Precoding
7.3.4 Single-User and Multi-User MIMO Operation
7.3.5 Massive MIMO and Beamforming
7.3.6 Antenna Array Structure
7.3.7 Full-Dimension MIMO
7.3.8 Remote Station Antennas
7.4 Summary
References
Chapter 8: 5G NR Overview
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Connection to the Core Network
8.3 RAN Protocol Architecture
8.4 Layer 3 (RRC) Description
8.5 Layer 2 User Plane and Control Plane Protocol Description
8.5.1 The Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) Sublayer
8.5.2 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Sublayer
8.5.3 The Radio Link Control (RLC) Sublayer
8.5.4 The Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer
8.5.5 Layer 2 User Plane Downward Data Flow
8.6 Layer 1 (Physical Layer)
8.6.1 Numerologies
8.6.2 The Frame (Time-Domain) Structure
8.6.3 The Frequency Domain Structure
8.6.4 Physical DL Shared Channel (PDSCH) and Physical UL Shared Channel (PUSCH) Processing
8.6.4.1 LDPC Base Graph Selection and Code-Block Segmentation
8.6.4.2 Rate Matching and HARQ Functionality
8.6.4.3 Scrambling
8.6.4.4 Resource Element Mapping
8.6.4.5 Transmission Signal Duplexing
8.6.4.6 Carrier Aggregation
8.6.4.7 Pertinent Physical Layer Specifications
8.7 5G Data Rates
8.8 Spectrum for 5G
8.8.1 Licensed 5G Spectrum
8.8.2 Unlicensed 5G Spectrum
8.9 Transmitter Output Power and Receiver Reference Sensitivity
8.9.1 Base Station Transmitter Output Power
8.9.2 Base Station Receiver Reference Sensitivity
8.9.3 UE Transmitter Output Power
8.9.4 UE Receiver Reference Sensitivity
8.10 5G NR Multiple Antenna Options
8.11 5G Advanced
8.12 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Wi-Fi 6 Overview
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Internet Access Network Architecture
9.3 Protocol Architecture for Internet Traffic
9.3.1 Data Link Layer
9.3.2 Physical Layer
9.4 Spectrum for Wi-Fi 6/6E
9.4.1 The 2.4 GHz Band
9.4.2 The 5 GHz Band
9.4.3 The 6 GHz Band
9.4.4 Performance Differences Between 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi Systems
9.5 Wi-Fi 6/6E Key Physical Layer Technologies
9.5.1 OFDMA
9.5.1.1 Subcarrier Spacing and Symbol Length
9.5.1.2 Resource Units (RUs)
9.5.1.3 Downlink OFDMA (DL-OFDMA)
9.5.1.4 Uplink OFDMA (UL-OFDMA)
9.5.2 Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
9.5.2.1 Downlink MU-MIMO
9.5.2.2 Uplink MU-MIMO
9.5.3 SU-MIMO and DL MU-MIMO Beamforming
9.5.4 Modulation and Coding
9.5.4.1 Modulation
9.5.4.2 Coding
9.5.5 802.11ax Data Rates
9.5.6 802.11ax PPDU Frame Formats
9.6 Spatial Reuse (SR) and BSS Coloring
9.7 Target Wake Time (TWT)
9.8 Comparison Between 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6/6E) and 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)
9.9 Next Generation Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)
9.10 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Bluetooth LE Overview
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Protocol Architecture
10.3 The Physical Layer
10.3.1 Supported Frequency Band and Channelization
10.3.2 Modulation Scheme
10.3.3 Physical (PHY) Variants
10.3.4 Bit Stream Processing
10.3.5 Time-Division
10.3.6 Transmitter Power and Receiver Sensitivity
10.3.7 Antenna Switching
10.4 The Link Layer (LL)
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Packets
10.4.3 Connection State and Associated Timing Parameters
10.4.4 Approximate Maximum Application Data Rates
10.4.5 Adaptive Frequency Hopping
10.4.6 Extended Advertising
10.4.7 Isochronous Communications and LE Audio
10.5 Comparison Between Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth Classic
10.6 Summary
References
Index
