5G Backhaul and Fronthaul

5G Backhaul and Fronthaul
Contents
Acknowledgements
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1 Introduction
1.1 Introducing 5G in Transport
1.2 Targets of the Book
1.3 Backhaul and Fronthaul Scope within the 5G System
1.4 Arranging Connectivity within the 5G System
1.5 Standardization Environment
1.5.1 3GPP and other organizations
References
2 5G System Design Targets and Main Technologies
2.1 5G System Target
2.2 5G Technology Components
2.3 Network Architecture
2.4 Spectrum and Coverage
2.5 Beamforming
2.6 Capacity
2.6.1 Capacity per Cell
2.6.2 Capacity per Square Kilometre
2.7 Latency and Architecture
2.8 Protocol Optimization
2.8.1 Connectionless RRC
2.8.2 Contention-Based Access
2.8.3 Pipelining
2.9 Network Slicing and QoS
2.10 Integrated Access and Backhaul
2.11 Ultra Reliable and Low Latency
2.12 Open RAN
2.13 3GPP Evolution in Release 16/17
2.14 5G-Advanced
References
3 5G RAN Architecture and Connectivity – A Techno-economic Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Multi-RAT Backhaul
3.3 C-RAN and LTE Fronthaul
3.4 5G RAN Architecture
3.5 5G D-RAN Backhaul Architecture and Dimensioning
3.6 Integrating 5G within a Multi-RAT Backhaul Network
3.7 Use Case – BT/EE 5G Network in the UK
3.8 5G C-RAN – F1 Interface and Midhaul
3.9 5G C-RAN – CPRI, eCPRI and Fronthaul
3.10 Connectivity Solutions for Fronthaul
3.11 Small Cells in FR1 and FR2
3.12 Summary
References
4 Key 5G Transport Requirements
4.1 Transport Capacity
4.1.1 5G Radio Impacts to Transport
4.1.2 Backhaul and Midhaul Dimensioning Strategies
4.1.3 Protocol Overheads
4.1.4 Backhaul and Midhaul Capacity
4.1.5 Fronthaul Capacity
4.1.6 Ethernet Link Speeds
4.2 Transport Delay
4.2.1 Contributors to Delay in 5G System
4.2.2 Allowable Transport Delay
4.2.3 User Plane and Control Plane Latency for the Logical Interfaces
4.2.4 Fronthaul (Low-Layer Split Point)
4.2.5 Low-Latency Use Cases
4.3 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss
4.3.1 Radio-Layer Performance and Retransmissions
4.3.2 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss
4.4 Availability and Reliability
4.4.1 Definitions
4.4.2 Availability Targets
4.4.3 Availability in Backhaul Networks
4.4.4 Recovery Times in Backhaul and Fronthaul
4.4.5 Transport Reliability
4.4.6 Air Interface Retransmissions and Transport Reliability
4.4.7 Packet Duplication in 5G and Transport
4.4.8 Transport Analysis Summary for Availability and Reliability
4.5 Security
4.5.1 Summary of 5G Cryptographic Protection
4.5.2 Network Domain Protection
4.5.3 Security in Fronthaul
4.6 Analysis for 5G Synchronization Requirement
4.6.1 Frequency Error
4.6.2 Time Alignment Error (Due to TDD Timing)
4.6.3 Time Alignment Error (Due to MIMO)
4.6.4 Time Alignment Error (Due to Carrier Aggregation)
4.6.5 Time Alignment Accuracy (Due to Other Advanced Features)
References
5 Further 5G Network Topics
5.1 Transport Network Slicing
5.1.1 5G System-Level Operation
5.1.2 Transport Layers
5.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 IAB Architecture
5.2.3 Deployment Scenarios and Use Cases
5.2.4 IAB Protocol Stacks
5.2.5 IAB User Plane
5.2.6 IAB Signalling Procedures
5.2.7 Backhaul Adaptation Protocol
5.2.8 BH Link Failure Handling
5.2.9 IAB in 3GPP Release 17 and Beyond
5.3 NTN
5.3.1 NTN in 3GPP
5.3.2 Different Access Types
5.3.3 Protocol Stacks
5.3.4 Transparent Architecture
5.3.5 Feeder Link Switchover
5.4 URLLC Services and Transport
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Reliability
5.4.3 Latency
5.5 Industry Solutions and Private 5G
5.5.1 Introduction to Private 5G Networking
5.5.2 3GPP Features Supporting Private 5G Use Cases
5.5.3 URLLC and TSC in Private 5G
5.6 Smart Cities
5.6.1 Needs of Cities
5.6.2 Possible Solutions
5.6.3 New Business Models
5.6.4 Implications for BH/FH
References
6 Fibre Backhaul and Fronthaul
6.1 5G Backhaul/Fronthaul Transport Network Requirements
6.1.1 Capacity Challenge
6.1.2 Latency Challenge
6.1.3 Synchronization Challenge
6.1.4 Availability Challenge
6.1.5 Software-Controlled Networking for Slicing Challenge
6.1.6 Programmability and OAM Challenges
6.2 Transport Network Fibre Infrastructure
6.2.1 Availability of Fibre Connectivity
6.2.2 Dedicated vs Shared Fibre Infrastructure
6.2.3 Dedicated Infrastructure
6.2.4 Shared Infrastructure
6.3 New Builds vs Legacy Infrastructure
6.4 Optical Transport Characteristics
6.4.1 Optical Fibre Attenuation
6.4.2 Optical Fibre Dispersion
6.5 TSN Transport Network for the Low-Layer Fronthaul
6.6 TDM-PONs
6.6.1 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Backhaul and Midhaul
6.6.2 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Fronthaul
6.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Connectivity
6.7.1 Passive WDM Architecture
6.7.2 Active–Active WDM Architecture
6.7.3 Semi-Active WDM Architecture
6.8 Total Cost of Ownership for Fronthaul Transport Networking
References
7 Wireless Backhaul and Fronthaul
7.1 Baseline
7.2 Outlook
7.3 Use Cases Densification and Network Upgrade
7.4 Architecture Evolution – Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul
7.5 Market Trends and Drivers
7.5.1 Data Capacity Increase
7.5.2 Full Outdoor
7.5.3 New Services and Slicing
7.5.4 End-to-End Automation
7.6 Tools for Capacity Boost
7.6.1 mmW Technology (Below 100 GHz)
7.6.2 Carrier Aggregation
7.6.3 New Spectrum Above 100 GHz
7.7 Radio Links Conclusions
7.8 Free-Space Optics
7.8.1 Introduction
7.8.2 Power Budget Calculations
7.8.3 Geometric Loss
7.8.4 Atmospheric Attenuation
7.8.5 Estimating Practical Link Spans
7.8.6 Prospects of FSO
References
8 Networking Services and Technologies
8.1 Cloud Technologies
8.1.1 Data Centre and Cloud Infrastructure
8.1.2 Data Centre Networking
8.1.3 Network Function Virtualization
8.1.4 Virtual Machines and Containers
8.1.5 Accelerators for RAN Functions
8.1.6 O-RAN View on Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure
8.2 Arranging Connectivity
8.2.1 IP and MPLS for Connectivity Services
8.2.2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS-TE
8.2.3 E-VPN
8.2.4 Segment Routing
8.2.5 IP and Optical
8.2.6 IPv4 and IPv6
8.2.7 Routing Protocols
8.2.8 Loop-Free Alternates
8.2.9 Carrier Ethernet Services
8.2.10 Ethernet Link Aggregation
8.3 Securing the Network
8.3.1 IPsec and IKEv2
8.3.2 Link-Layer Security (MACSEC)
8.3.3 DTLS
8.4 Time-Sensitive Networking and Deterministic Networks
8.4.1 Motivation for TSN
8.4.2 IEEE 802.1CM – TSN for Fronthaul
8.4.3 Frame Pre-emption
8.4.4 Frame Replication and Elimination
8.4.5 Management
8.4.6 Deterministic Networks
8.5 Programmable Network and Operability
8.5.1 Software-Defined Networking Initially
8.5.2 Benefits with Central Controller
8.5.3 Netconf/YANG
References
9 Network Deployment
9.1 NSA and SA Deployments
9.1.1 Shared Transport
9.1.2 NSA 3x Mode
9.1.3 SA Mode
9.2 Cloud RAN Deployments
9.2.1 Motivation for Cloud RAN
9.2.2 Pooling and Scalability in CU
9.2.3 High Availability in CU
9.2.4 Evolving to Real-Time Cloud – vDU
9.2.5 Enterprise/Private Wireless
9.3 Fronthaul Deployment
9.3.1 Site Solutions and Fronthaul
9.3.2 Carrying CPRI over Packet Fronthaul
9.3.3 Statistical Multiplexing Gain
9.3.4 Merged Backhaul and Fronthaul
9.4 Indoor Deployment
9.5 Deploying URLLC and Enterprise Networks
9.5.1 Private 5G Examples
9.5.2 Private 5G RAN Architecture Evolution
9.5.3 IP Backhaul and Midhaul Options for Private 5G
9.5.4 Fronthaul for Private 5G
9.5.5 Other Transport Aspects in Private 5G Networks
9.6 Delivering Synchronization
9.6.1 Network Timing Synchronization Using PTP and SyncE
9.6.2 SyncE
9.6.3 IEEE 1588 (aka PTP)
9.6.4 ITU-T Profiles for Telecom Industry Using SyncE and PTP
9.6.5 Example of Putting All Standards Together in Planning
9.6.6 Resilience Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization
9.6.7 QoS Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization
9.6.8 Special Considerations in Cloud RAN Deployment
9.6.9 Satellite-Based Synchronization
9.6.10 Conclusion for Synchronization
References
10 Conclusions and Path for the Future
10.1 5G Path for the Future
10.2 Summary of Content
10.3 Evolutionary Views for Backhaul and Fronthaul
Index
EULA