This text covers the key technologies employed in wireless links that enable increased data rates and thus are likely to be employed in support of 5G wireless transport networks, i.e., backhaul, midhaul, and fronthaul networks. The author presents technologies at an introductory level but nonetheless at a level that imparts to the reader a sound understanding of the fundamentals. The book is intended for those practicing engineers and graduate and upper undergraduate students who have an interest in acquiring, where missing, the necessary technology background in order to comprehend the functioning and capability of 5G based wireless transport links. The author focuses on those technologies that are key to achieving the high data rates and high reliability required of this transport. The material is presented in a clear, concise, and mathematically light fashion.
- Covers key wireless transport (backhaul, midhaul, and fronthaul) technologies for 5G and beyond, presented in a clear tractable fashion;
- Outlines the basic wireless transport transmitter/receiver terminal architecture, provides specifications of some such terminals, and indicates the link performance afforded by such terminals;
- Provides sufficient mathematics to make it technically coherent, but not so much as to make it challenging for a reader with no or limited familiarity with these technologies.
Author(s): Douglas H. Morais
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 255
City: Cham
Preface
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: 5G Architecture and the Roll of Wireless Transport
1.1 Introduction
1.2 5G Usage Scenarios and Top-Level Requirements
1.3 5G Network Overview
1.4 5G Transport Network Components (Backhaul, Midhaul, Fronthaul)
1.5 Transport Realization Options
1.5.1 Fiber
1.5.2 Free Space Optics
1.5.3 Wireless
1.5.3.1 Wireless Transport Evolution
1.5.3.2 Traditional Bands
1.5.3.3 Nontraditional Millimeter-Wave Bands
1.5.3.4 Integrated Access and Backhaul
1.6 Key Wireless Transport Technologies in Support of 5G Networks
1.7 Summary
References
Chapter 2: 5G Transport Payload: Ethernet-Based Packet-Switched Data
2.1 Introduction
2.2 TCP/IP
2.2.1 Application Layer Protocol
2.2.2 Transport Layer Transmission Control Protocol
2.2.3 Transport Layer User Datagram Protocol
2.2.4 Internet Layer Protocol
2.2.5 Data Link Layer Ethernet Protocol
2.2.6 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
2.3 Voice over IP (VoIP)
2.4 Video over IP
2.5 Header Compression
2.6 Payload Compression
2.7 Summary
References
Chapter 3: The Fixed Wireless Path
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Antennas
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Antenna Characteristics
3.2.3 Typical Point-to-Point Wireless Antennas
3.3 Free Space Propagation
3.4 Line-of-Sight Non-Faded Received Signal Level
3.5 Fading Phenomena
3.5.1 Atmospheric Effects
3.5.1.1 Refraction
3.5.1.2 Reflection
3.5.1.3 Rain Attenuation and Atmospheric Absorption
3.5.2 Terrain Effects
3.5.2.1 Terrain Reflection
3.5.2.2 Fresnel Zones
3.5.2.3 Diffraction
3.5.2.4 Path Clearance Criteria
3.5.3 Signal Strength Versus Frequency Effects
3.5.3.1 Flat Fading
3.5.3.2 Frequency Selective Fading
3.5.3.3 Multipath Fading Channel Model
3.5.4 Cross-Polarization Discrimination Degradation due to Fading
3.6 External Interference
3.7 Outage and Unavailability
3.8 Diversity Techniques for Improved Reliability
3.8.1 Space Diversity
3.8.2 Angle Diversity
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Digital Modulation: The Basic Principles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Baseband Data Transmission
4.3 Linear Modulation Systems
4.3.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation
4.3.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
4.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
4.3.4 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)
4.3.5 High-Order 22n-QAM
4.3.6 High-Order 22n+1-QAM
4.3.7 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
4.4 Transmission IF and RF Components
4.4.1 Transmitter Upconverter and Receiver Downconverter
4.4.2 Transmitter RF Power Amplifier and Output Bandpass Filter
4.4.3 The Receiver ``Front End´´
4.5 Modem Realization Techniques
4.5.1 Scrambling/Descrambling
4.5.2 Carrier Recovery
4.5.3 Timing Recovery
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Performance Optimization Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Forward Error Correction Coding
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Block Codes
5.2.3 Classical Parity-Check Block Codes
5.2.4 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes
5.2.4.1 Encoding of Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes
5.2.4.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes
5.2.5 Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes
5.2.6 LDPC and RS Codes in Wireless Transport
5.2.7 Polar Codes
5.2.7.1 Channel Polarization
5.2.7.2 Encoding of Polar Codes
5.2.7.3 Decoding of Polar Codes
5.3 Block Interleaving
5.4 Puncturing
5.5 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
5.6 Power Amplifier Linearization Via Predistortion
5.7 Phase Noise Suppression
5.8 Quadrature Modulation/Demodulation Imperfections Mitigation
5.8.1 Transmitter Quadrature Error Mitigation
5.8.2 Transmitter I/Q Balance Error Mitigation
5.8.3 Transmitter Residual Error Mitigation
5.8.4 Receiver Quadrature Imperfections Mitigation
5.9 Adaptive Equalization
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Time-Domain Equalization
5.9.2.1 Introduction
5.9.2.2 Adaptive Baseband Equalization Fundamentals
5.9.2.3 QAM Adaptive Baseband Equalization
5.9.2.4 Initialization Methods
5.10 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Non-Modulation-Based Capacity Improvement Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) Transmission
6.3 Line-of-Sight Multiple-input Multiple-output (LoS MIMO)
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 LoS MIMO Fundamentals
6.3.3 Optimal Antenna Separation
6.3.4 Non-optimal Antenna Separation
6.3.5 LoS MIMO Equalization
6.3.6 Increasing Channel Capacity Via the Simultaneous Use of CCDP/XPIC and LoS MIMO
6.4 Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 OAM Structure and Characteristics
6.4.3 OAM Mode Generation and Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
6.5 Band and Carrier Aggregation
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Transceiver Architecture, Link Capacity, and Example Specifications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Transceiver Architecture and Structural Options
7.2.1 The Baseband Processor
7.2.2 The IF Processor
7.2.3 The Direct Conversion RF Front End
7.2.4 The Heterodyne RF Front End
7.2.5 Antenna Coupling
7.2.6 The Antenna
7.3 Link Capacity Capability
7.4 Example Specifications and Typical Path Performance of an 80 GHz (E-Band) Link
7.5 Example Specifications and Typical Path Performance of a 32 GHz Link
7.6 Conclusion
References
Appendices
Appendix A
Helpful Mathematical Identities
Trigonometric Identities
Standard Integrals
Matrix Algebra
Appendix B
Multipath Fading Outage Analysis
B.1 Total Outage
B.2 Unprotected Nonselective Outage Prediction
B.3 Unprotected Selective Outage Prediction
B.4 Outage Prediction Example
Appendix C
Rain Outage Analysis
Appendix D
Spectral Analysis of Nonperiodic Functions and Linear System Response
D.1 Spectral Analysis of Nonperiodic Functions
D.2 Linear System Response
Appendix E
QAM Cross-Constellation BER Computation
Index
